Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have drawn much attention by virtue of their unique physicochemical properties and numerous potential applications. Owing to their large specific surface areas, 2D nanomaterials can effectively load chemotherapeutic drugs for chemotherapy, or combine with other therapeutic agents such as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), immunomodulators for immunotherapy, and small interfering RNA for gene therapy. Notably, the majority of 2D nanomaterials themselves can be used as photothermal therapy (PTT) agents because of their unique optoelectronic properties. A variety of 2D nanomaterial-based combination therapies, such as PTT-chemotherapy, PTT-immunotherapy, and PTT-PDT-chemotherapy, can be designed to achieve higher antitumor efficacy than monotherapies. Additionally, 2D nanomaterials have proven to be an advanced tool to load imaging elements for cancer imaging or imaging-guided cancer treatments. Herein, we review top-down and bottom-up strategies for 2D nanomaterial synthesis and related methods for chemical and physical surface modifications. Recent progress in 2D nanomaterials for cancer treatments from the perspective of each type of 2D nanomaterials and imaging, as well as cancer theranostics, are comprehensively summarized.

二维（2D）纳米材料凭借其独特的物理化学性质和众多潜在应用而备受关注。由于其较大的比表面积，二维纳米材料可以有效地负载化疗药物，或与其他治疗剂结合，如光动力治疗（PDT）的光敏剂、免疫治疗的免疫调节剂和基因治疗的小干扰RNA。值得注意的是，由于其独特的光电特性，大多数二维纳米材料本身可用作光热疗法 (PTT) 剂。可以设计多种基于二维纳米材料的联合疗法，例如 PTT-化疗、PTT-免疫疗法和 PTT-PDT-化疗，以实现比单一疗法更高的抗肿瘤功效。此外，二维纳米材料已被证明是一种先进的工具，可以加载用于癌症成像或成像引导癌症治疗的成像元件。在此，我们回顾了二维纳米材料合成的自上而下和自下而上的策略以及化学和物理表面改性的相关方法。从各类二维纳米材料和成像以及癌症治疗学的角度，全面总结了用于癌症治疗的二维纳米材料的最新进展。