Microplastics (MPs; <5 mm) in the biosphere draws public concern about their potential health impacts. Humans are potentially exposed to MPs via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Ingestion and inhalation are the two major exposure pathways. An adult may consume approximately 5.1 × 10³ items from table salts and up to 4.1 × 10⁴ items via drinking water annually. Meanwhile, MP inhalation intake ranges from 0.9 × 10⁴ to 7.9 × 10⁴ items per year. The intake of MPs would be further distributed in different tissues and organs of humans depending on their sizes. The excretion has been discussed with the possible clearance ways (e.g., urine and feces). The review summarized the absorption, distribution, metabolic toxicity and excretion of MPs together with the attached chemicals. Moreover, the potential implications on humans are also discussed from in vitro and in vivo studies, and connecting the relationship between the physicochemical properties and the potential risks. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs as culprits and/or vectors linking to potential human health hazards, which will help outline the promising areas for further revealing the possible toxicity pathways.

生物圈中的微塑料（MP；<5 毫米）引起公众对其潜在健康影响的关注。人类可能通过摄入、吸入和皮肤接触暴露于 MPs。摄入和吸入是两种主要的暴露途径。一个成年人每年可能消耗大约 5.1 × 10 ³的食盐和高达 4.1 × 10 ⁴的饮用水。同时，MP 吸入量范围为每年 0.9 × 10 ⁴到 7.9 × 10 ⁴项。MPs的摄入量将进一步分布在人体不同的组织和器官中，具体取决于它们的大小。已经讨论了排泄物与可能的清除方式（例如，尿液和粪便）。该综述总结了 MPs 及其所附化学物质的吸收、分布、代谢毒性和排泄。此外，还从体外和体内研究中讨论了对人类的潜在影响，并将物理化学性质与潜在风险之间的关系联系起来。本综述将有助于更好地了解 MPs 作为与潜在人类健康危害相关的罪魁祸首和/或载体，这将有助于勾勒出有希望的领域，以进一步揭示可能的毒性途径。