Several vaccines against COVID-19 use nanoparticles to protect the antigen cargo (either proteins or nucleic acids), increase the immunogenicity and ultimately the efficacy. The characterization of these nanomedicines is challenging due to their intrinsic complexity and requires the use of multidisciplinary techniques and competencies. The accurate characterization of nanovaccines can be conceptualized as a combination of physicochemical, immunological and toxicological assays. This will help to address key challenges in the preclinical characterization, will guide the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines for current and future health crises, and will streamline the regulatory process.

几种针对 COVID-19 的疫苗使用纳米颗粒来保护抗原货物（蛋白质或核酸），增加免疫原性并最终提高功效。这些纳米药物的表征因其内在的复杂性而具有挑战性，需要使用多学科技术和能力。纳米疫苗的准确表征可以概念化为物理化学、免疫学和毒理学分析的组合。这将有助于解决临床前表征中的关键挑战，将指导针对当前和未来健康危机快速开发安全有效的疫苗，并将简化监管流程。