Golden buckwheat (Fagopyrum dibotrys or Fagopyrum cymosum) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) belong to the Polygonaceae and the Fagopyrum genus is rich in flavonoids. Golden buckwheat is a wild relative of Tartary buckwheat, yet golden buckwheat is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine and Tartary buckwheat is a food crop. The genetic basis of adaptive divergence between these two buckwheats is poorly understood. Here, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-level genome of golden buckwheat and found a one-to-one syntenic relationship with the chromosomes of Tartary buckwheat. Two large inversions were identified that differentiate golden buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat. Metabolomic and genetic comparisons of golden buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat indicate an amplified copy number of FdCHI, FdF3H, FdDFR, and FdLAR gene families in golden buckwheat, and a parallel increase in medicinal flavonoid content. Resequencing of 34 wild golden buckwheat accessions across the two morphologically distinct ecotypes identified candidate genes, including FdMYB44 and FdCRF4, putatively involved in flavonoid accumulation and differentiation of plant architecture, respectively. Our comparative genomic study provides abundant genomic resources of genomic divergent variation to improve buckwheat with excellent nutritional and medicinal value.

中文翻译：

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荞麦基因组的比较揭示了代谢组学分化和生态型分化的遗传基础。

金荞麦（Fagopyrum dibotrys或Fagopyrum cymosum）和苦荞（Fagopyrum tataricum）属于蓼科，苦荞属富含类黄酮。金荞是苦荞的野生近缘种，但金荞是传统的中草药，苦荞是粮食作物。这两种荞麦之间适应性差异的遗传基础知之甚少。在这里，我们组装了一个高质量的金荞麦染色体水平基因组，发现与苦荞的染色体存在一对一的同线关系。确定了区分金荞麦和苦荞麦的两个大反转。金荞麦和苦荞的代谢组学和遗传比较表明 FdCHI、FdF3H、FdDFR、和 FdLAR 基因家族在金荞麦中，药用类黄酮含量平行增加。对两种形态不同的生态型的 34 份野生金荞麦种质进行重测序，确定了候选基因，包括 FdMYB44 和 FdCRF4，它们分别假定参与植物结构的类黄酮积累和分化。我们的比较基因组研究提供了丰富的基因组差异变异基因组资源，以改善具有优良营养和药用价值的荞麦。