Ecosystem services do not exist independently from human perceptions and recognition. They are socially, culturally, economically, and environmentally scale- and context-dependent. Socio-cultural services tend to be difficult to evaluate and invisible to policymakers and conservation practitioners. Based on six years'qualitative analysis of a floodplain fishery in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil, we bring an in-depth understanding of the socio-cultural ecosystem services in the region. We show that the inter- and intra-annual ecosystem dynamics variations in the flood pulse are closely associated with local people's governance structure, identity, and cosmological histories. All of them, to some extent, capture some of the unpredictable changes in the Pantanal. Our study uncovers part of the complex and rich social-cultural ecosystem service created from the interaction between local people and the ecosystem in which they are embedded. We also present the threats faced by these services in the face of current development projects in the Pantanal, such as the Waterway and Hydrometric Dams. We argue that the predicted outcome may jeopardize not only the social-cultural services in the Pantanal, but also the local people themselves and the environment that they are currently protecting.

中文翻译：

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洪泛区生态系统服务：与巴西潘塔纳尔湿地生态系统不可预测性相关的社会文化服务

生态系统服务并非独立于人类的感知和认知而存在。它们在社会、文化、经济和环境上都依赖于规模和环境。社会文化服务往往难以评估，政策制定者和保护从业者看不到。基于六年来对巴西潘塔纳尔湿地洪泛区渔业的定性分析，我们深入了解了该地区的社会文化生态系统服务。我们表明，洪水脉冲中的年际和年内生态系统动态变化与当地人民的治理结构、身份和宇宙学历史密切相关。所有这些，在某种程度上，都捕捉到了潘塔纳尔山脉的一些不可预测的变化。我们的研究揭示了由当地人与他们所在的生态系统之间的互动所创造的复杂而丰富的社会文化生态系统服务的一部分。我们还介绍了这些服务在面对潘塔纳尔当前开发项目（例如水道和水文大坝）时所面临的威胁。我们认为，预测的结果可能不仅会危及潘塔纳尔湿地的社会文化服务，还会危及当地人民本身和他们目前正在保护的环境。