In this paper, the effects of ice-supersaturated regions and thin, subvisual cirrus clouds on lapse rates are examined. For that, probability distribution and density functions of the lapse rate and the potential temperature gradients from 10 years of measurement data from the MOZAIC/IAGOS project and ERA5 reanalysis data were produced, and an analysis of an example case of an ice-supersaturated region with a large vertical extent is performed. For the study of the probability distribution and density functions, a distinction is made between ice-subsaturated and ice-supersaturated air masses (persistent contrails) and situations of particularly high ice supersaturation that allow the formation of optically thick and strongly warming contrails. The estimation of the lapse rates involves two adjacent standard pressure levels of the reanalysis surrounding MOZAIC's measurement/flight points. If the upper of these levels is in the stratosphere, the distribution function for subsaturated cases shows much lower lapse rates than those of supersaturated cases. If all levels are in the troposphere, the distributions become more similar, but the average lapse rates are still higher in supersaturated than in subsaturated cases, and the distributions peak at higher values and are narrower in ice-supersaturated regions (ISSRs) than elsewhere. This narrowing is particularly pronounced if there is substantial supersaturation.For the examination of an example case, ERA5 data and forecasts from ICON-EU (DWD) are compared. ERA5 data, in particular, show a large ice-supersaturated region below the tropopause, which was pushed up by uplifting air, while the data of ICON-EU indicate areas of saturation. The lapse rate in this ice-supersaturated region (ISSR), which is large, is associated with clouds and high relative humidity. Supersaturation and cloud formation result from uplifting of air layers. The temperature gradient within an uplifting layer steepens, for both dry and moist air. As soon as condensation or ice formation starts in the upper part of a lifting layer, the release of latent heat begins to decrease the lapse rate, but radiation starts to act in the opposite direction, keeping the lapse rate high. The highest lapse rates close to the stability limit can only be reached in potentially unstable situations.

中文翻译：

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冰过饱和和薄卷云对对流层上层直减率的影响

在本文中，研究了冰过饱和区域和薄的、亚视觉的卷云对递减率的影响。为此，从 MOZAIC/IAGOS 项目的 10 年测量数据和 ERA5 再分析数据中产生了递减率和潜在温度梯度的概率分布和密度函数，并分析了一个冰过饱和区域的例子执行大的垂直范围。为了研究概率分布和密度函数，对冰过饱和气团和冰过饱和气团（持续的轨迹）和特别高的冰过饱和情况进行了区分，这些情况允许形成光学厚实和强烈变暖的轨迹。失效率的估计涉及围绕 MOZAIC 测量/飞行点的再分析的两个相邻标准压力水平。如果这些水平的上层位于平流层，则不饱和情况的分布函数显示的递减率比过饱和情况低得多。如果所有级别都在对流层中，则分布变得更加相似，但过饱和情况下的平均递减率仍然高于不饱和情况下的平均递减率，并且在冰过饱和区域 (ISSR) 的分布峰值更高，并且比其他地方更窄。如果存在大量过饱和，这种缩小尤其明显。对于一个示例案例的检查，比较了 ERA5 数据和来自 ICON-EU (DWD) 的预测。特别是 ERA5 数据，显示对流层顶下方的大冰过饱和区域，被抬升的空气推高，而 ICON-EU 的数据表明饱和区域。这个冰过饱和区域（ISSR）的递减率很大，与云和高相对湿度有关。过饱和和云的形成是由于空气层的抬升造成的。对于干燥和潮湿的空气，隆起层内的温度梯度变陡。一旦在抬升层的上部开始凝结或结冰，潜热的释放就开始降低直减率，但辐射开始反向作用，使直减率保持在较高水平。只有在潜在的不稳定情况下才能达到接近稳定极限的最高失效率。而 ICON-EU 的数据则表示饱和区域。这个冰过饱和区域（ISSR）的递减率很大，与云和高相对湿度有关。过饱和和云的形成是由于空气层的抬升造成的。对于干燥和潮湿的空气，隆起层内的温度梯度变陡。一旦在抬升层的上部开始凝结或结冰，潜热的释放就开始降低直减率，但辐射开始反向作用，使直减率保持在较高水平。只有在潜在的不稳定情况下才能达到接近稳定极限的最高失效率。而 ICON-EU 的数据则表示饱和区域。这个冰过饱和区域（ISSR）的递减率很大，与云和高相对湿度有关。过饱和和云的形成是由于空气层的抬升造成的。对于干燥和潮湿的空气，隆起层内的温度梯度变陡。一旦在抬升层的上部开始凝结或结冰，潜热的释放就开始降低直减率，但辐射开始反向作用，使直减率保持在较高水平。只有在潜在的不稳定情况下才能达到接近稳定极限的最高失效率。过饱和和云的形成是由于空气层的抬升造成的。对于干燥和潮湿的空气，隆起层内的温度梯度变陡。一旦在抬升层的上部开始凝结或结冰，潜热的释放就开始降低直减率，但辐射开始反向作用，使直减率保持在较高水平。只有在潜在的不稳定情况下才能达到接近稳定极限的最高失效率。过饱和和云的形成是由于空气层的抬升造成的。对于干燥和潮湿的空气，隆起层内的温度梯度变陡。一旦在提升层的上部开始凝结或结冰，潜热的释放就开始降低直减率，但辐射开始向相反的方向作用，从而保持高直减率。只有在潜在的不稳定情况下才能达到接近稳定极限的最高失效率。保持高失效率。只有在潜在的不稳定情况下才能达到接近稳定极限的最高失效率。保持高失效率。只有在潜在的不稳定情况下才能达到接近稳定极限的最高失效率。