Liposomes nowadays have become a preferential drug delivery system since they provide facilitating properties to drugs, such as improved therapeutic index of encapsulated drug, target and controlled drug delivery, and less toxicity. However, conventional liposomes have shown some disadvantages, such as less drug loading capacity, poor retention, clearance by kidney or reticuloendothelial system, and less release of hydrophilic drugs. Thus, to overcome these disadvantages recently, scientists have explored new approaches and methods, viz., ligand conjugation, polymer coating, and liposome hybrids, including surface-modified liposomes, biopolymer-incorporated liposomes, guest-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposome, liposome-in-hydrogel, liposome-in-film, liposome-in-nanofiber, etc. These approaches have been shown to improve the physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of encapsulated drugs. Lately, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) computational modeling has emerged as a beneficial tool for analyzing the impact of formulation and system-specific factors on the target disposition and therapeutic efficacy of liposomal drugs. There has been an increasing number of liposome-based therapeutic drugs, both FDA approved and those undergoing clinical trials, having application in cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and glaucoma. To meet the continuous demand of health sectors and to produce the desired product, it is important to perform pharmacokinetic studies. This review focuses on the physical, physicochemical, and chemical factors of drugs that influence the target delivery of drugs. It also explains various physiological barriers, such as systemic clearance and extravasation. A novel approach, liposomal-hybrid complex, an innovative approach as a vesicular drug delivery system to overcome limited membrane permeability and bioavailability, has been discussed in the review. Moreover, this review highlights the pharmacokinetic considerations and challenges of poorly absorbed drugs along with the applications of a liposomal delivery system in improving PKPD in various diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and glaucoma.

中文翻译：

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解决常规脂质体制剂的 PK-PD 挑战的方法，特别针对癌症、阿尔茨海默氏症、糖尿病和青光眼：改良脂质体药物递送系统的更新。

脂质体如今已成为一种优先的药物递送系统，因为它们为药物提供了便利的特性，例如改善了包封药物的治疗指数、靶向和控制药物递送以及较低的毒性。然而，传统的脂质体已显示出一些缺点，例如载药量较低、滞留性差、被肾脏或网状内皮系统清除以及亲水性药物释放较少。因此，最近为了克服这些缺点，科学家们探索了新的途径和方法，即配体偶联、聚合物涂层和脂质体杂化物，包括表面修饰的脂质体、掺入生物聚合物的脂质体、客体-环糊精-脂质体，水凝胶脂质体、薄膜脂质体、纳米纤维脂质体等。这些方法已被证明可以改善胶囊化药物的生理化学和药代动力学特性。最近，药代动力学-药效学 (PK-PD) 计算模型已成为分析制剂和系统特异性因素对脂质体药物的靶点配置和疗效影响的有益工具。已经有越来越多的基于脂质体的治疗药物，包括 FDA 批准的和正在进行临床试验的药物，应用于癌症、阿尔茨海默氏症、糖尿病和青光眼。为了满足卫生部门的持续需求并生产所需的产品，进行药代动力学研究非常重要。本综述侧重于影响药物靶向递送的药物的物理、物理化学和化学因素。它还解释了各种生理障碍，例如全身清除和外渗。综述中讨论了一种新方法，即脂质体-混合复合物，这是一种作为囊泡药物递送系统以克服有限的膜渗透性和生物利用度的创新方法。此外，这篇综述强调了吸收不良药物的药代动力学考虑和挑战，以及脂质体递送系统在改善癌症、阿尔茨海默氏症、糖尿病和青光眼等各种疾病的 PKPD 中的应用。