A major challenge in modern mass spectrometry (MS) is achieving high mass resolving power and accuracy for precision analyses in high mass-to-charge (m/z) regions. To advance the capability of MS for increasingly demanding applications, understanding limitations of state-of-the-art techniques and their status in applied sciences is essential. This review summarizes important instruments in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and related advances to extend their working range to high m/z regions. It starts with an overview of HRMS techniques that provide adequate performance for macromolecular analysis, including Fourier-transform, time-of-flight (TOF), quadrupole-TOF, and related data-processing techniques. Methodologies and applications of HRMS for characterizing macromolecules in biochemistry and material sciences are summarized, such as top-down proteomics, native MS, drug discovery, structural virology, and polymer analyses.

中文翻译：

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用于分析高质量电荷离子的高分辨率质谱技术的进展

现代质谱 (MS) 的一个主要挑战是在高质量荷电 ( m / z ) 区域实现高精度分析的高质量分辨能力和精度。为了提高 MS 的能力以满足日益要求的应用，了解最先进技术的局限性及其在应用科学中的地位至关重要。本综述总结了高分辨率质谱 (HRMS) 领域的重要仪器以及将其工作范围扩展到高m / z区域的相关进展。首先概述了为大分子分析提供足够性能的 HRMS 技术，包括傅里叶变换、飞行时间 (TOF)、四极杆-TOF 和相关数据处理技术。总结了 HRMS 在生物化学和材料科学中表征大分子的方法和应用，例如自上而下的蛋白质组学、天然 MS、药物发现、结构病毒学和聚合物分析。