(Nano)platforms in bladder cancer therapy: Challenges and opportunities,Bioengineering & Translational Medicine

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(Nano)platforms in bladder cancer therapy: Challenges and opportunities
Bioengineering & Translational Medicine ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-07 , DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10353
Milad Ashrafizadeh ₁ , Ali Zarrabi ₂ , Hassan Karimi-Maleh _{3,

4,

5} , Afshin Taheriazam _{6,

7} , Sepideh Mirzaei ₈ , Mehrdad Hashemi ₇ , Kiavash Hushmandi ₉ , Pooyan Makvandi ₁₀ , Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare ₁₁ , Esmaeel Sharifi ₁₂ , Arul Goel ₁₃ , Lingzhi Wang ₁₄ , Jun Ren _{15,

16} , Yavuz Nuri Ertas _{17,

18} , Alan Prem Kumar ₁₉ , Yuzhuo Wang ₂₀ , Navid Rabiee _{21,

22} , Gautam Sethi ₁₉ , Zhaowu Ma ₂₃

Affiliation

Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle Istanbul Turkey.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Istinye University Istanbul Turkey.
School of Resources and Environment University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu People's Republic of China.
Department of Chemical Engineering Quchan University of Technology Quchan Iran.
Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa.
Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran.
Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch Tehran Iran.
Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran.
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Centre for Materials Interface Pontedera Pisa 56025 Italy.
School of Chemistry Damghan University Damghan Iran.
Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan Iran.
La Canada High School La Cañada Flintridge California USA.
Cancer Science Institute of Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA.
Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China.
Department of Biomedical Engineering Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey.
ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey.
Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore.
Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada.
School of Engineering Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 South Korea.
Health Science Center Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China.

Urological cancers are among the most common malignancies around the world. In particular, bladder cancer severely threatens human health due to its aggressive and heterogeneous nature. Various therapeutic modalities have been considered for the treatment of bladder cancer although its prognosis remains unfavorable. It is perceived that treatment of bladder cancer depends on an interdisciplinary approach combining biology and engineering. The nanotechnological approaches have been introduced in the treatment of various cancers, especially bladder cancer. The current review aims to emphasize and highlight possible applications of nanomedicine in eradication of bladder tumor. Nanoparticles can improve efficacy of drugs in bladder cancer therapy through elevating their bioavailability. The potential of genetic tools such as siRNA and miRNA in gene expression regulation can be boosted using nanostructures by facilitating their internalization and accumulation at tumor sites and cells. Nanoparticles can provide photodynamic and photothermal therapy for ROS overgeneration and hyperthermia, respectively, in the suppression of bladder cancer. Furthermore, remodeling of tumor microenvironment and infiltration of immune cells for the purpose of immunotherapy are achieved through cargo-loaded nanocarriers. Nanocarriers are mainly internalized in bladder tumor cells by endocytosis, and proper design of smart nanoparticles such as pH-, redox-, and light-responsive nanocarriers is of importance for targeted tumor therapy. Bladder cancer biomarkers can be detected using nanoparticles for timely diagnosis of patients. Based on their accumulation at the tumor site, they can be employed for tumor imaging. The clinical translation and challenges are also covered in current review.

中文翻译：

膀胱癌治疗的（纳米）平台：挑战与机遇

泌尿系统癌症是世界上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。特别是膀胱癌因其侵袭性和异质性而严重威胁人类健康。尽管膀胱癌的预后仍然不利，但已经考虑了多种治疗方式。人们认为膀胱癌的治疗取决于生物学和工程学相结合的跨学科方法。纳米技术方法已被引入治疗各种癌症，特别是膀胱癌。当前的综述旨在强调和强调纳米医学在根除膀胱肿瘤方面的可能应用。纳米颗粒可以通过提高药物的生物利用度来提高药物在膀胱癌治疗中的疗效。使用纳米结构可以促进 siRNA 和 miRNA 在基因表达调控中的内化和积累，从而增强基因工具在基因表达调控中的潜力。纳米颗粒可以分别为 ROS 过度生成和热疗提供光动力和光热疗法，从而抑制膀胱癌。此外，通过负载纳米载体实现肿瘤微环境的重塑和免疫细胞的浸润以达到免疫治疗的目的。纳米载体主要通过内吞作用在膀胱肿瘤细胞中内化，适当设计智能纳米颗粒（例如pH响应、氧化还原响应和光响应纳米载体）对于靶向肿瘤治疗具有重要意义。可以使用纳米颗粒检测膀胱癌生物标志物，以便及时诊断患者。根据它们在肿瘤部位的积累，它们可用于肿瘤成像。当前的综述还涵盖了临床转化和挑战。

更新日期：2022-06-07

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