Heart failure (HF) describes a heterogenous complex spectrum of pathological conditions that results in structural and functional remodeling leading to subsequent impairment of cardiac function, including either systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. Several factors chronically lead to HF, including cardiac volume and pressure overload that may result from hypertension, valvular lesions, acute, or chronic ischemic injuries. Major forms of HF include hypertrophic, dilated, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. The severity of cardiomyopathy can be impacted by other comorbidities such as diabetes or obesity and external stress factors. Age is another major contributor, and the number of patients with HF is rising worldwide in part due to an increase in the aged population. HF can occur with reduced ejection fraction (HF with reduced ejection fraction), that is, the overall cardiac function is compromised, and typically the left ventricular ejection fraction is lower than 40%. In some cases of HF, the ejection fraction is preserved (HF with preserved ejection fraction). Animal models play a critical role in facilitating the understanding of molecular mechanisms of how hearts fail. This review aims to summarize and describe the strengths, limitations, and outcomes of both small and large animal models of HF with reduced ejection fraction that are currently used in basic and translational research. The driving defect is a failure of the heart to adequately supply the tissues with blood due to impaired filling or pumping. An accurate model of HF with reduced ejection fraction would encompass the symptoms (fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and edema) along with the pathology (collagen fibrosis, ventricular hypertrophy) and ultimately exhibit a decrease in cardiac output. Although countless experimental studies have been published, no model completely recapitulates the full human disease. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate the strength and weakness of each animal model to allow better selection of what animal models to use to address the scientific question proposed.

中文翻译：

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射血分数降低的心力衰竭大型和小型动物模型

心力衰竭 (HF) 描述了一系列复杂的异质性病理状况，导致结构和功能重塑，进而导致心脏功能受损，包括收缩功能障碍、舒张功能障碍或两者兼而有之。有几个因素会长期导致 HF，包括可能由高血压、瓣膜病变、急性或慢性缺血性损伤引起的心脏容量和压力超负荷。HF 的主要形式包括肥厚型、扩张型和限制型心肌病。心肌病的严重程度可能会受到其他合并症的影响，例如糖尿病或肥胖症以及外部压力因素。年龄是另一个主要因素，全世界 HF 患者的数量正在上升，部分原因是老年人口的增加。HF可发生射血分数降低（HF with reduced ejection fraction），即整体心脏功能受损，典型的左心室射血分数低于40%。在某些 HF 病例中，射血分数得以保留（HF with preserved ejection fraction）。动物模型在促进理解心脏衰竭的分子机制方面发挥着关键作用。本综述旨在总结和描述目前用于基础和转化研究的射血分数降低的小型和大型 HF 动物模型的优势、局限性和结果。驱动缺陷是心脏由于充盈或泵血受损而无法为组织提供足够的血液。射血分数降低的 HF 准确模型将包含症状（疲劳、呼吸困难、运动不耐受和水肿）以及病理学（胶原纤维化、心室肥大），最终表现出心输出量下降。尽管已经发表了无数的实验研究，但没有一个模型可以完全概括整个人类疾病。因此，评估每个动物模型的优势和劣势至关重要，以便更好地选择使用哪些动物模型来解决所提出的科学问题。