Critical Role of Perovskite Film Stoichiometry in Determining Solar Cell Operational Stability: a Study on the Effects of Volatile A-Cation Additives,ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

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Critical Role of Perovskite Film Stoichiometry in Determining Solar Cell Operational Stability: a Study on the Effects of Volatile A-Cation Additives
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces ( IF 8.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05241
Wenya Song _{1,

2,

3,

4} , Xin Zhang _{1,

2,

3,

4,

5,

6} , Stijn Lammar _{1,

2,

3,

4} , Weiming Qiu ₇ , Yinghuan Kuang _{2,

3,

4} , Bart Ruttens ₄ , Jan D'Haen ₄ , Inge Vaesen ₇ , Thierry Conard ₇ , Yaser Abdulraheem ₈ , Tom Aernouts _{2,

3,

4} , Yiqiang Zhan _{5,

6} , Jef Poortmans _{1,

2,

3,

4}

Affiliation

Volatile A-cation halide (AX) additives such as formamidinium chloride and methylammonium chloride have been widely employed for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, it remains unstudied how they influence the perovskite film stoichiometry and the solar cell performance and operational stability. Hereby, our work shows that over annealing of formamidinium chloride-containing perovskite films leads to a Pb-rich surface, resulting in a high initial efficiency, which however decays during maximum power point tracking (MPPT). On the contrary, perovskite films obtained by a shorter annealing time at the same temperature provide good stability during MPPT but a lower initial efficiency. Thus, we deduce that an optimal annealing is vital for both high efficiency and operational stability, which is then confirmed in the case where methylammonium chloride additive is used. With optimized perovskite annealing conditions, we demonstrate efficient and stable p–i–n PSCs that show a best power conversion efficiency of 20.7% and remain 90% of the initial performance after a 200 h MPPT at 60 °C under simulated 1 sun illumination with high UV content. Our work presents a comprehensive understanding on how volatile AX impacts perovskite film stoichiometry and its correlation to the device performance and operational stability, providing a new guideline for fabricating high-efficiency and operationally stable PSCs.

中文翻译：

钙钛矿薄膜化学计量在确定太阳能电池运行稳定性中的关键作用：对挥发性 A 阳离子添加剂影响的研究

挥发性 A 阳离子卤化物 (AX) 添加剂，例如氯化甲脒和甲基氯化铵，已广泛用于高效钙钛矿太阳能电池 (PSC)。然而，它们如何影响钙钛矿薄膜的化学计量以及太阳能电池的性能和运行稳定性仍未得到研究。因此，我们的工作表明，含氯化甲脒的钙钛矿薄膜的过度退火会导致富铅表面，从而产生高初始效率，但在最大功率点跟踪 (MPPT) 期间会衰减。相反，在相同温度下通过较短的退火时间获得的钙钛矿薄膜在 MPPT 期间提供了良好的稳定性，但初始效率较低。因此，我们推断最佳退火对于高效率和操作稳定性都至关重要，这在使用甲基氯化铵添加剂的情况下得到证实。通过优化的钙钛矿退火条件，我们展示了高效且稳定的 p-i-n PSC，其显示出 20.7% 的最佳功率转换效率，并在模拟 1 次太阳光照下，在 60 °C 下 200 h MPPT 后保持初始性能的 90%高紫外线含量。我们的工作全面了解了挥发性 AX 如何影响钙钛矿薄膜的化学计量及其与器件性能和运行稳定性的相关性，为制造高效和运行稳定的 PSC 提供了新的指导方针。在 60 °C 下模拟 1 次太阳光照和高 UV 含量下 200 小时 MPPT 后，7% 并保持初始性能的 90%。我们的工作全面了解了挥发性 AX 如何影响钙钛矿薄膜的化学计量及其与器件性能和运行稳定性的相关性，为制造高效和运行稳定的 PSC 提供了新的指导方针。在 60 °C 下模拟 1 次太阳光照和高 UV 含量下 200 小时 MPPT 后，7% 并保持初始性能的 90%。我们的工作全面了解了挥发性 AX 如何影响钙钛矿薄膜的化学计量及其与器件性能和运行稳定性的相关性，为制造高效和运行稳定的 PSC 提供了新的指导方针。

更新日期：2022-06-10

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