The human body constantly exchanges heat with the environment. Temperature regulation is a homeostatic feedback control system that ensures deep body temperature is maintained within narrow limits despite wide variations in environmental conditions and activity-related elevations in metabolic heat production. Extensive research has been performed to study the physiological regulation of deep body temperature. This review focuses on healthy and disordered human temperature regulation during heat stress. Central to this discussion is the notion that various morphological features, intrinsic factors, diseases, and injuries independently and interactively influence deep body temperature during exercise and/or exposure to hot ambient temperatures. The first sections review fundamental aspects of the human heat stress response, including the biophysical principles governing heat balance and the autonomic control of heat loss thermoeffectors. Next, we discuss the effects of different intrinsic factors (morphology, heat adaptation, biological sex, and age), diseases (neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, genetic), and injuries (spinal cord injury, deep burns, heat stroke), with emphasis on the mechanisms by which these factors enhance or disturb the regulation of deep body temperature during heat stress. We conclude with key unanswered questions in this field of research.

中文翻译：

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健康、疾病和损伤时热应激下的人体温度调节


人体不断与环境进行热量交换。温度调节是一种稳态反馈控制系统，可确保尽管环境条件存在很大变化以及与活动相关的代谢产热升高，但深层体温仍保持在狭窄的范围内。人们已经进行了广泛的研究来研究深层体温的生理调节。本综述重点关注热应激期间健康和紊乱的人体温度调节。本讨论的核心是这样的概念：各种形态特征、内在因素、疾病和损伤在运动和/或暴露于高温环境温度期间独立和交互地影响深部体温。第一部分回顾了人类热应激反应的基本方面，包括控制热平衡的生物物理原理和热损失热效应器的自主控制。接下来，我们重点讨论不同内在因素（形态、热适应、生物性别和年龄）、疾病（神经、心血管、代谢、遗传）和损伤（脊髓损伤、深度烧伤、中暑）的影响研究这些因素在热应激期间增强或干扰深层体温调节的机制。我们以该研究领域中尚未解答的关键问题作为结论。