The oral microbiome is linked to oral and systemic health, but its fluctuation under frequent daily activities remains elusive. Here, we sampled saliva at 10- to 60-min intervals to track the high-resolution microbiome dynamics during the course of human activities. This dense time series data showed that eating activity markedly perturbed the salivary microbiota, with tongue-specific Campylobacter concisus and Oribacterium sinus and dental plaque-specific Lautropia mirabilis, Rothia aeria, and Neisseria oralis increased after every meal in a temporal order. The observation was reproducible in multiple subjects and across an 11-mo period. The microbiome composition showed significant diurnal oscillation patterns at different taxonomy levels with Prevotella/Alloprevotella increased at night and Bergeyella HMT 206/Haemophilus slowly increased during the daytime. We also identified microbial co-occurring patterns in saliva that are associated with the intricate biogeography of the oral microbiome. Microbial source tracking analysis showed that the contributions of distinct oral niches to the salivary microbiome were dynamically affected by daily activities, reflecting the role of saliva in exchanging microbes with other oral sites. Collectively, our study provides insights into the temporal microbiome variation in saliva and highlights the need to consider daily activities and diurnal factors in design of oral microbiome studies.

中文翻译：

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通过高频唾液采样揭示昼夜和饮食相关的微生物模式

口腔微生物组与口腔和全身健康有关，但其在频繁日常活动下的波动仍然难以捉摸。在这里，我们以 10 到 60 分钟的间隔对唾液进行采样，以跟踪人类活动过程中的高分辨率微生物组动态。这一密集的时间序列数据表明，进食活动显着扰乱了唾液微生物群，包括舌头特异性弯曲杆菌和鼻窦杆菌以及牙菌斑特异性Lautropia mirabilis、Rothia aeria和Neisseria oralis每顿饭后按时间顺序增加。该观察结果在多个受试者中可重现，并且跨越 11 个月。微生物组组成在不同的分类水平上显示出显着的昼夜振荡模式，Prevotella / Alloprevotella在夜间增加，Bergeyella HMT 206 / Haemophilus白天缓慢增加。我们还确定了唾液中与口腔微生物组复杂的生物地理学相关的微生物共生模式。微生物源追踪分析表明，不同口腔生态位对唾液微生物组的贡献受到日常活动的动态影响，反映了唾液在与其他口腔部位交换微生物中的作用。总的来说，我们的研究提供了对唾液中微生物组随时间变化的见解，并强调在设计口腔微生物组研究时需要考虑日常活动和昼夜因素。