Technological advances like the Internet and Internet-enabled devices, such as smartphones, and the dating and hookup websites and apps available to the users of them, have transformed the nature, organization, and practice of sex work in fundamental ways. Some scholars have argued that these changes have contributed to a normalization of male exchange sex (i.e., providing sex in exchange for money, drugs, shelter, or goods), and in so doing, have diminished the stigma historically associated with it. However, little empirical research has focused on how male sex workers (MSWs), including those engaged in what might be called informal or incidental or casual sex work and primarily use dating/hookup websites and apps not designed for commercial to meet clients experience and manage stigma. To help fill this gap, we analyzed interview data from 180 MSWs who engaged in exchange sex and met their client on dating/hookup websites and apps. Most participants felt that sex work was still highly stigmatized in society at large, but many also felt it was generally accepted—if not completely normalized—within the gay community. Nevertheless, many struggled with the emotional impact of engaging in a stigmatized practice and most employed one or more of the following stigma management strategies: information management, distancing, discrediting the discreditors, asserting no other option existed, and challenging or reframing stereotypes and narratives. These findings indicate that MSWs, even those engaged in informal or incidental sex work, who meet clients on dating/hookup websites and apps are still strongly affected by sex work-related stigma and seek to manage it in various ways. Future research should investigate the sources of internalized stigma among this under-studied population of sex workers.

互联网和支持互联网的设备（如智能手机）以及可供用户使用的约会和约会网站和应用程序等技术进步从根本上改变了性工作的性质、组织和实践。一些学者认为，这些变化促成了男性交换性行为的正常化（即，提供性以换取金钱、毒品、住所或商品），并因此减少了历史上与之相关的耻辱感。然而，很少有实证研究关注男性性工作者 (MSW)，包括那些从事可能被称为非正式或偶然或临时性工作的男性性工作者，主要使用非商业用途的约会/联播网站和应用程序来满足客户体验和管理柱头。为了帮助填补这一空白，我们分析了来自 180 名从事性交并在约会/联播网站和应用程序上认识他们的客户的 MSW 的采访数据。大多数参与者认为性工作在整个社会中仍然受到高度污名化，但许多人也认为它在同性恋社区内被普遍接受——如果不是完全正常化的话。尽管如此，许多人都在与从事污名化实践的情感影响作斗争，并且大多数人采用了以下一种或多种污名管理策略：信息管理、疏远、诋毁诋毁者、断言不存在其他选择，以及挑战或重塑刻板印象和叙述。这些调查结果表明，MSW，即使是那些从事非正式或偶然性工作的人，在约会/联播网站和应用程序上与客户会面的人仍然受到与性工作相关的污名的强烈影响，并寻求以各种方式对其进行管理。未来的研究应该调查这些研究不足的性工作者群体中内化污名的来源。