Abstract This paper argues that autonomy is a crucial concept for psychoanalysis that deserves greater attention and closer elaboration. Although there is abundant literature on the complexities of Freud’s psychic determinism and its compatibility (or not) with different notions of freedom, less attention has been paid to psychoanalytic definitions of autonomy, especially in relation to the end(s) of analysis. In what follows I propose a framework for a psychoanalytic conception of autonomy based on an intrapsychic and an intersubjective axis. I argue for the consideration of three kinds of freedom: a freedom “from,” a freedom “to,” and a freedom “through.” Freedom “from” refers to the quest for liberation from intrapsychic constraints that delimit our freedom “to” be agents of change and novelty, subjects capable of degrees of self-creation and self-determination; both kinds of freedom require the common psychic work between patient and therapist, the working-through of the particular elements of the transferential and countertransferential dynamics of the dyad generating a form of freedom “through” one another, unique to psychoanalytic activity.

中文翻译：

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自由的形式：走向自主的精神分析概念

摘要 本文认为，自主性是精神分析的一个重要概念，值得更多关注和更深入地阐述。尽管有大量关于弗洛伊德心理决定论的复杂性及其与不同自由概念的相容性（或不相容性）的文献，但对自主性的精神分析定义的关注较少，特别是与分析的目的相关的。在下文中，我提出了一个基于心理内部和主体间轴的精神分析自主概念的框架。我主张考虑三种自由：“来自”的自由、“到”的自由和“通过”的自由。“摆脱”自由是指寻求从限制我们“成为”变革和新奇推动者的自由的心理约束中解放出来，具有一定程度的自我创造和自决能力的学科；这两种自由都需要患者和治疗师之间共同的心理工作，通过对二元组的移情和反移情动力学的特定元素的工作，产生一种“通过”彼此的自由形式，这是精神分析活动所独有的。