In this exciting book, Marco Sgarbi traces the importance of the local context of philosophical activities at Königsberg University in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century in order to understand the emergence of Kant’s critical philosophy, and it turns out that this context in large part thrived on doctrines originating in Aristotle. Rather than focusing on Aristotle himself, as the title suggests, the focus is actually on philosophers of relatively minor importance who were concerned with topics discussed in the Aristotelian corpus, sometimes expanding, sometimes developing, and interpreting these ideas in novel ways. In many cases, these philosophers had in turn been influenced by their predecessors of a similar attachment, so that a complex transmission and multifaceted variation of Aristotelian thought already occurred before Kant came into contact with it. Together with the excellent volumes in the Bloomsbury series ‘Kant’s Sources in Translation’ and the comprehensive background information on the texts in question provided in them, Sgarbi’s contribution helps evoke a fascinating overview of what had been going on philosophically in Kant’s immediate surroundings, beyond the radar of standard historiography of philosophy. Sgarbi has thus provided us with an important piece of a mosaic, which nonetheless is still far from complete. At first view Sgarbi’s strategy may seem to be at odds with the standing of Kant as a thinker of undisputed pre-eminence on the world stage of philosophy, given the alleged provincialism of Kant’s hometown. Whether Königsberg was indeed as small-town as often suggested – and a certain degree of what Karl Ameriks (2019: 279, n. 44) has described as ‘cultural provincialism’ is not unlikely (of which Kant himself, sadly enough, is sometimes guilty) – is not something I wish to address here. The point is rather that there are indeed significant examples of local context reconstruction which have turned out to be extremely helpful for broadening our understanding of works of genius in other fields, for example, music and art. Along this line of thought, Kant’s Königsberg turns out to be like Bach’s Leipzig and the specifics of musical performance practice there, or Dürer’s Nuremberg with its local medicophilosophical discourse on melancholy. Of the various traditions of philosophy in Königsberg, Sgarbi identifies two which stand out in particular for their Aristotelian leanings, namely philosophers influenced by Renaissance Aristotelianism on the one hand, especially the variant developed in Padua by Jacopo Zabarella and Giulio Pace, and Protestant scholastics on the other, such as Abraham Calov. It is Calov’s case which illustrates that, while Königsberg’s Albertina was a Lutheran University, something like an inter-confessional debate in philosophy was going on there, as it was Calov who introduced Francisco Suárez’s account of metaphysics there. The interest shown in Clemens Timpler also indicates an exchange with the Reformed wing of Protestantism. In any case, the

中文翻译：

---

Marco Sgarbi、康德和亚里士多德：认识论、逻辑和方法纽约奥尔巴尼：纽约州立大学出版社，2016 Pp。x + 292 ISBN 9781438459974 (hbk), $95.00

在这本激动人心的书中，马尔科·斯加比追溯了 17 世纪和 18 世纪初柯尼斯堡大学哲学活动的当地语境的重要性，以了解康德批判哲学的出现，事实证明，这种语境在很大程度上是在起源于亚里士多德的学说。正如标题所暗示的那样，重点不是关注亚里士多德本人，而是关注那些关注亚里士多德语料库中讨论的主题的相对次要的哲学家，他们有时会扩展，有时会以新颖的方式发展和解释这些想法。在许多情况下，这些哲学家反过来又受到了类似依恋的前辈的影响，以至于在康德接触到亚里士多德思想之前，它就已经发生了复杂的传播和多方面的变化。连同 Bloomsbury 系列“康德的翻译来源”中的优秀著作以及其中提供的有关文本的全面背景信息，Sgarbi 的贡献有助于唤起对康德直接环境中哲学上正在发生的事情的迷人概述，超越标准哲学史学雷达。因此，Sgarbi 为我们提供了一块重要的马赛克，但它还远未完成。乍一看，考虑到康德家乡所谓的地方主义，斯加比的策略似乎与康德作为在世界哲学舞台上无可争议的卓越思想家的地位相矛盾。Königsberg 是否真的像人们常说的那样是小镇——以及 Karl Ameriks (2019: 279, n. 44) 所描述的某种程度的“文化地方主义”并非不可能（可悲的是，康德本人有时也是如此）有罪）——这不是我想在这里解决的问题。重点在于，确实有一些当地语境重建的重要例子，这些例子对于拓宽我们对其他领域（例如音乐和艺术）天才作品的理解非常有帮助。沿着这条思路，康德的柯尼斯堡就像巴赫的莱比锡和那里的音乐表演实践的细节，或者丢勒的纽伦堡及其当地关于忧郁的医学哲学话语。在柯尼斯堡的各种哲学传统中，Sgarbi 确定了两个特别突出亚里士多德主义倾向的哲学家，一方面是受文艺复兴时期亚里士多德主义影响的哲学家，尤其是 Jacopo Zabarella 和 Giulio Pace 在帕多瓦发展的变体，另一方面是新教经院哲学家，例如亚伯拉罕卡洛夫。卡洛夫的案例表明，虽然柯尼斯堡的阿尔贝蒂娜大学是路德大学，但那里正在进行一场哲学上的宗教间辩论，因为正是卡洛夫在那里介绍了弗朗西斯科·苏亚雷斯对形而上学的描述。Clemens Timpler 表现出的兴趣也表明与新教改革宗派的交流。在任何情况下，尤其是 Jacopo Zabarella 和 Giulio Pace 在帕多瓦开发的变体，以及其他新教学者，如亚伯拉罕卡洛夫。卡洛夫的案例表明，虽然柯尼斯堡的阿尔贝蒂娜大学是路德大学，但那里正在进行一场哲学上的宗教间辩论，因为正是卡洛夫在那里介绍了弗朗西斯科·苏亚雷斯对形而上学的描述。Clemens Timpler 表现出的兴趣也表明与新教改革宗派的交流。在任何情况下，尤其是 Jacopo Zabarella 和 Giulio Pace 在帕多瓦开发的变体，以及其他新教学者，如亚伯拉罕卡洛夫。卡洛夫的案例表明，虽然柯尼斯堡的阿尔贝蒂娜大学是路德大学，但那里正在进行一场哲学上的宗教间辩论，因为正是卡洛夫在那里介绍了弗朗西斯科·苏亚雷斯对形而上学的描述。Clemens Timpler 表现出的兴趣也表明与新教改革宗派的交流。在任何情况下，Clemens Timpler 表现出的兴趣也表明与新教改革宗派的交流。在任何情况下，Clemens Timpler 表现出的兴趣也表明与新教改革宗派的交流。在任何情况下，