Abstract Levinas scholars agree that his work was affected by the Holocaust and reflects a philosophical response to it. Yet Levinas only rarely mentions the Holocaust in his major philosophical writings, so how is what Levinas called “Holocaust horror” registed in his work? Here the author argues that scholarship says little about this because it has paid only scant attention to the tragedies of Levinas’s life and because it understands the Holocaust almost entirely through the lens of Auschwitz and the death camps. The author shows that Levinas’s major works show many traces of the brutal, face-to-face violence characteristic of the Holocaust’s early stage, when killing formations known as the Einsatzgruppen, along with local collaborators, murdered almost all of the Jews of Lithuania, including Levinas’s parents and brothers. Traces of this specific horror—much more than industrial killing in death camps—are registered in Levinas’s philosophy.

中文翻译：

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Einsatzgruppe 和合作者恐怖：在伊曼纽尔·列维纳斯的哲学中思考大屠杀的“明确存在”

摘要 列维纳斯的学者一致认为，他的作品受到了大屠杀的影响，并反映了对大屠杀的哲学回应。然而列维纳斯在他的主要哲学著作中很少提及大屠杀，那么列维纳斯所谓的“大屠杀恐怖”是如何在他的作品中体现出来的呢？在这里，作者争辩说，学术对此很少提及，因为它很少关注列维纳斯的生平悲剧，并且因为它几乎完全通过奥斯维辛和死亡集中营的镜头来理解大屠杀。作者表明，列维纳斯的主要作品显示了大屠杀早期阶段残酷、面对面的暴力特征的许多痕迹，当时杀死了被称为特别行动队的组织，与当地的合作者一起，谋杀了立陶宛的几乎所有犹太人，包括列维纳斯的父母和兄弟。