ABSTRACT Mountain regions of the world face unprecedented climate-induced changes and associated sustainable development challenges. Retreating glaciers, degrading permafrost and rapid mass movements on the one hand and glacier-related disasters, on the other hand, are the sentinels of these phenomena. In this study, we focus our attention on the Makalu Barun region in the Nepal Himalaya, and characterize four main morphoclimatic zones, building on repeated field surveys and interpretation of remote sensing imagery. We distinguish four distinct zones: (i) extreme glacial zone; (ii) glacial zone; (iii) periglacial zone; and (iv) seasonally cold/warm humid zone. While extreme glacial zone is stagnant in its area, remaining three zones have been experiencing areal/location changes associated with changing climate, glacier extent and permafrost distribution. We describe dominant geomorphic processes and typical landforms of these zones in detail, highlighting the role of mass wasting processes and far-reaching process chains acting across distinct morphoclimatic zones. The study provides evidence of very dynamic landform evolution which indicates extreme geomorphological hazards in the Nepal Himalaya.

中文翻译：

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尼泊尔喜马拉雅马卡鲁巴伦地区不同地貌气候带的大规模消耗和侵蚀

摘要 世界山区面临着前所未有的气候变化和相关的可持续发展挑战。一方面，冰川退缩、永久冻土退化和快速的大规模运动以及与冰川有关的灾害，是这些现象的前哨。在这项研究中，我们将注意力集中在尼泊尔喜马拉雅山的马卡鲁巴伦地区，并在重复实地调查和遥感图像解释的基础上描述了四个主要的地貌气候带。我们区分了四个不同的区域：（i）极端冰川区；(ii) 冰川区；(iii) 冰缘带；(iv) 季节性冷/暖湿区。虽然极端冰川区在其区域内停滞不前，但其余三个区域一直在经历与气候变化相关的区域/位置变化，冰川范围和永久冻土分布。我们详细描述了这些区域的主要地貌过程和典型地貌，突出了大规模消减过程和影响不同地貌气候带的影响深远的过程链的作用。该研究提供了非常动态的地貌演变的证据，这表明尼泊尔喜马拉雅山存在极端的地貌危害。