ABSTRACT A valley floor rock glacier in Nautárdalur, eastern Tröllaskagi, northern Iceland, has been investigated since the 1970s. Adjacent valleys are also examined as mountain landsystems. The methodology identifies ‘landform elements’ (features evident on slopes) on transects that can be identified and mapped from Google Earth imagery. Transects can be compared to show similarities and differences between slopes and valleys and can be used to trace debris and ice/snow flow paths within landsystems. The paper confirms that a glacier ice core is present throughout the Nautárdalur rock glacier. Traces of glacier activity can be found in some neighbouring small valleys but where rock glaciers are not present. Previous field observations, when coupled to current Google Earth imagery, indicate glacier ice formation and deformation over the past 200 years. The quantities and timing of weathered debris from headwall cliffs were sufficient to partly cover small glaciers, thus forming rock glaciers in some, but not all, valleys. The landsystem and transect approach thus indicate glacier origins for the rock glaciers identified. No evidence for ‘permafrost creep’ in scree slopes that might produce valley-side rock glaciers has been found.

中文翻译：

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冰川-岩石冰川山地陆地系统：来自冰岛北部的一个例子

摘要 自 1970 年代以来，人们一直在调查冰岛北部特洛拉斯卡吉东部的 Nautárdalur 的谷底岩石冰川。相邻的山谷也被视为山地陆地系统。该方法在可以从谷歌地球图像中识别和映射的样带上识别“地形元素”（斜坡上明显的特征）。可以比较横断面以显示斜坡和山谷之间的异同，并可用于追踪陆地系统内的碎片和冰/雪流动路径。该论文证实，整个 Nautárdalur 岩石冰川都存在冰川冰芯。在一些邻近的小山谷中可以找到冰川活动的痕迹，但那里没有岩石冰川。以前的实地观察，当与当前的谷歌地球图像相结合时，表明过去 200 年冰川冰的形成和变形。来自端壁悬崖的风化碎片的数量和时间足以部分覆盖小冰川，从而在一些（但不是全部）山谷中形成岩石冰川。因此，陆地系统和横断面方法表明所识别的岩石冰川的冰川起源。尚未发现可能产生谷侧岩石冰川的碎石斜坡上的“永久冻土蠕变”的证据。