Abstract The French non-null-subject parameter is set very early, irrespective of the number of languages acquired. By contrast, the acquisition of (in)definiteness marking takes place at age 11;0. For early parametrized grammatical phenomena, Tsimpli (Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria. 2014. Early, late or very late? Timing acquisition and bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4(3). 283–313.) argues that age of onset (AoO) matters. For late acquired phenomena, language experience is crucial. We recruited 23 simultaneous and 34 early sequential L2 (eL2) learners of French (mean age 4;6). Using an elicitation task, we examined the production of French subjects and (in)definite articles. All children behaved similarly with respect to the (early) setting of the null-subject parameter. In contrast, (in)definite marking was sensitive to number of languages and age; AoO or input effects did not affect the results. Simultaneous multilinguals diverge from eL2 children, showing subject spell-out preferences, interpreted in terms of acquisition phases. We will discuss this result against a model of language acquisition in which the child proceeds in acquisition stages.

中文翻译：

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关于法语（空）主题和（中）确定性的习得：同时和早期顺序双语、三语和多语

摘要 法语非空主题参数设置得非常早，与获得的语言数量无关。相比之下，（不确定）标记的获得发生在 11;0 岁。对于早期的参数化语法现象，Tsimpli (Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria. 2014. Early, late or very late? Timing gain and bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4(3). 283–313.) 认为发病年龄 (AoO) 很重要. 对于后天习得的现象，语言经验至关重要。我们招募了 23 名同时和 34 名早期连续 L2 (eL2) 法语学习者（平均年龄 4；6）。使用启发任务，我们检查了法语主题和（不）定冠词的产生。所有孩子在 null-subject 参数的（早期）设置方面表现相似。相比之下，（不确定）标记对语言数量和年龄敏感；AoO 或输入效果不影响结果。同时多语种与 eL2 儿童不同，表现出主题拼写偏好，根据习得阶段进行解释。我们将根据儿童在习得阶段进行的语言习得模型来讨论这一结果。