Abstract The study assessed the attenuating effect of citrus flavonone, naringenin, and its nanoformulation against cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nanoparticles of naringenin (NNn) were synthesized; size 165.1 nm (PDI 0.396) in variable shapes; cluster widespread, spherical accumulated, and tubular bacillary. Parallel, mature male Nile tilapia (n = 120 fish) were used for the exposure study. Group I was negative control. The groups II, III, and IV were exposed to 5 ppm of cadmium chloride monohydrate (CdCl2·H2O) for 21 days. Group III was treated with bulk naringenin (BNn) (3 ppm) and group IV was treated with NNn (3 ppm). Group V was exposed only to NNn (3 ppm). Cd-induced oxidative stress was evident from a significant increase in the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and modulation of antioxidant enzymes in the liver and kidney. A significant increase in the hepatic metallothionein and HSP70 levels in the gills was observed. Treatment with both BNn and NNn significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reversed the Cd-induced alterations. However, the protective effect of nano naringenin was more profound on the bioaccumulation of Cd in liver and levels of HSP70 in the gills. These key findings could add to the commercial exploitation of naringenin and its nanosized form as a dietary therapeutic molecule.

中文翻译：

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柚皮素本体和纳米颗粒对尼罗罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼镉诱导的氧化应激的抗氧化潜力

摘要 本研究评估了柑橘黄酮、柚皮素及其纳米制剂对尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）镉（Cd）毒性的减弱作用。合成了柚皮素（NNn）的纳米颗粒；尺寸 165.1 nm (PDI 0.396)，形状可变；簇状分布广泛，呈球形堆积，呈管状。平行的成熟雄性尼罗罗非鱼（n = 120 条鱼）用于暴露研究。I组为阴性对照。II、III 和 IV 组暴露于 5 ppm 一水氯化镉 (CdCl2·H2O) 中 21 天。第 III 组用大量柚皮素 (BNn) (3 ppm) 处理，第 IV 组用 NNn (3 ppm) 处理。V 组仅暴露于 NNn (3 ppm)。从肝脏丙二醛 (MDA) 水平的显着增加和肝脏和肾脏中抗氧化酶的调节来看，镉诱导的氧化应激很明显。观察到鳃中肝金属硫蛋白和HSP70水平显着增加。BNn 和 NNn 治疗显着 (p ≤ 0.05) 逆转了 Cd 诱导的改变。然而，纳米柚皮素对肝脏中Cd的生物蓄积和鳃中HSP70的水平的保护作用更为显着。这些关键发现可能会增加柚皮素及其纳米形式作为膳食治疗分子的商业开发。05) 逆转了 Cd 引起的变化。然而，纳米柚皮素对肝脏中Cd的生物蓄积和鳃中HSP70的水平的保护作用更为显着。这些关键发现可能会增加柚皮素及其纳米形式作为膳食治疗分子的商业开发。05) 逆转了 Cd 引起的变化。然而，纳米柚皮素对肝脏中Cd的生物蓄积和鳃中HSP70的水平的保护作用更为显着。这些关键发现可能会增加柚皮素及其纳米形式作为膳食治疗分子的商业开发。