Abstract. Sadism, defined by the infliction of pain and suffering on others for pleasure or subjugation, has recently garnered substantial attention in the psychological research literature. The Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP) was developed to measure levels of everyday sadism and has been shown to possess excellent reliability and validity using classical test theory methods. However, it is not known how well ASP items discriminate between respondents of different trait levels, or which Likert categories are endorsed by persons of various trait levels. Additionally, individual items should be evaluated to ensure that men and women of similar levels of sadism have an equal probability of response endorsement. The purpose of this research was to apply item response theory (IRT) and differential item functioning (DIF) to investigate item properties of the ASP across its three translations: English, Polish, and Italian. Overall, the results of the IRT analysis showed that with the exception of Item 9, the ASP demonstrated sound item properties. The DIF rate analyses identified two items from each questionnaire that were of practical significance across gender. Implications of these results are discussed.

中文翻译：

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性别差异或性别偏见？

摘要。虐待狂的定义是为了取悦或征服他人而对他人施加痛苦和痛苦，最近在心理学研究文献中引起了广泛关注。虐待狂人格评估 (ASP) 旨在衡量日常虐待狂的水平，并且使用经典测试理论方法已证明具有出色的信度和效度。然而，不知道 ASP 项目如何区分不同特质水平的受访者，也不知道不同特质水平的人支持哪些李克特类别。此外，应评估个别项目，以确保具有相似施虐水平的男性和女性具有相同的响应认可概率。本研究的目的是应用项目反应理论 (IRT) 和差异项目功能 (DIF) 来研究 ASP 在其三种翻译中的项目属性：英语、波兰语和意大利语。总体而言，IRT 分析的结果表明，除了第 9 项之外，ASP 表现出良好的项目属性。DIF 率分析从每份问卷中确定了两个具有跨性别实际意义的项目。讨论了这些结果的含义。