This article challenges the accepted opinion that the American English perfect form HAVE gotten is a straightforward historical retention of an earlier British English form. Although HAVE gotten was presumably part of the settler input in North America, it (almost) died out in American English as well, but was then revived in the nineteenth century, as historical corpus data show. Contrary to expectations, this revival was not an innovation from below. Instead, the rise of HAVE gotten was promoted by careful writers who deliberately avoided the highly stigmatized stative HAVE got. This explains why perfect HAVE gotten appears in more formal text types first, and how it became specialized to dynamic contexts only. The morphological Americanism HAVE gotten is thus a curious case of an (unintended) side-effect of marginally successful prescriptivism.1

中文翻译：

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美式英语的复杂历史

本文挑战了公认的观点，即美式英语完美形式已经获得是对早期英式英语形式的直接历史保留。尽管 HAVE got 可能是北美定居者输入的一部分，但它（几乎）在美式英语中也消失了，但正如历史语料库数据显示的那样，它在 19 世纪又复活了。出乎意料的是，这种复兴并非来自下层的创新。相反，HAVE got 的兴起是由谨慎的作家推动的，他们故意避免高度污名化的静态 HAVE got。这就解释了为什么完美的 HAVE got 首先出现在更正式的文本类型中，以及它是如何专门用于动态上下文的。因此，形态学上的美国主义是勉强成功的规定主义的（意外）副作用的一个奇怪案例。 1