Despite election violence being a commonly agreed upon phenomena in the Philippines, there has been a dearth in academic research on the topic in recent years, largely due to a lack of reliable information. To address this, our article adapts recognized methods from studies such as Lindsay Shorr Newman's 2013 paper, together with Stephen McGrath and Paul Gill's 2014 research on terrorism and elections. To expose the timing of election violence, we tracked incidents relative to election dates for the period from 2004 to 2017, with the results indicating that violence increased closer to an election date, and frequency substantially increased during the 14-year period. This is the first academic journal article since John Linantud in 1998 to focus on the issue of election violence in the Philippines but through adaptive methodologies goes further, enabling national analysis. Furthermore, our findings reveal statistically significant differences regarding the types of terrorist attacks and targets when comparing election and non-election periods. We highlight complicating factors such as the majority of attacks being attributed to "unknown" actors and the complex situation during elections. The results also demonstrate that election violence in the Philippines is dominated by the New People's Army and the use of assassination. The paper makes the case for further research and the creation of a dedicated database of election violence in the Philippines and elsewhere, and evaluates the measures implemented by the government that have failed to stem election violence.

中文翻译：

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了解菲律宾的选举暴力：当心五月的未知刺客

尽管选举暴力是菲律宾普遍认同的现象，但近年来关于该主题的学术研究一直很缺乏，主要是由于缺乏可靠的信息。为了解决这个问题，我们的文章采用了公认的研究方法，例如 Lindsay Shorr Newman 的 2013 年论文，以及 Stephen McGrath 和 Paul Gill 2014 年关于恐怖主义和选举的研究。为了揭示选举暴力的发生时间，我们跟踪了 2004 年至 2017 年期间与选举日期相关的事件，结果表明暴力事件在接近选举日期时增加，并且在 14 年期间发生频率大幅增加。这是自 1998 年约翰·林南图 (John Linantud) 以来第一篇关注菲律宾选举暴力问题的学术期刊文章，但通过适应性方法走得更远，能够进行国家分析。此外，我们的研究结果显示，在比较选举期和非选举期时，恐怖袭击的类型和目标存在统计学上的显着差异。我们强调了复杂的因素，例如大多数攻击归因于“未知”参与者以及选举期间的复杂情况。结果还表明，菲律宾的选举暴力以新人民军和暗杀手段为主。该文件为进一步研究和创建菲律宾和其他地方选举暴力的专用数据库提供了依据，