To date, wind and solar power plants have mainly provided energy. Going forward, with the application of appropriate controls, they can offer additional grid services, such as regulating reserves. Additional grid services can present an opportunity for additional value streams to wind and solar power plants. However, the additional value might not be realized when operator-determined performance targets and settlement adjustments for the delivery of regulation capacity are disregarded. This article studies the participation of variable resources in centralized regulation markets. We derive analytical results for regulation offers in terms of quantity and price considering that a variable resource does not want to risk being disqualified as a regulation provider, incurring losses, or foregoing more profitable opportunities. Our analysis suggests that U.S. operator-determined performance targets impose an upper bound on the quantity of a variable resource's regulation offer; and settlement adjustments for the delivery of regulation affect the price at which variable resources offer and the calculations of opportunity costs in case of imperfect regulation delivery.

中文翻译：

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在具有绩效目标的监管市场中提供可变资源：分析


迄今为止，主要由风能和太阳能发电厂提供能源。展望未来，通过应用适当的控制措施，他们可以提供额外的电网服务，例如调节储备。额外的电网服务可以为风能和太阳能发电厂提供额外价值流的机会。然而，当运营商确定的绩效目标和调节容量交付的结算调整被忽视时，附加价值可能无法实现。本文研究了可变资源参与集中调控市场的情况。考虑到可变资源不想冒被取消监管提供者资格、遭受损失或放弃更多盈利机会的风险，我们从数量和价格方面得出了监管要约的分析结果。我们的分析表明，美国运营商确定的绩效目标对可变资源的监管报价数量施加了上限；监管交付的结算调整会影响可变资源的报价以及在监管交付不完善的情况下机会成本的计算。