Abstract Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with reduced cognitive functioning in children and adolescents. The present study was an initial examination of direct and indirect associations between sleep and recall via strategic and nonstrategic memory processes in a sample of 66 participants from grades 1, 3, 5, and college. Stimuli varied in familiarity and presence of a strategy prompt. Strategy use during encoding and during recall were measured separately. The present study predicted that alertness would be associated with both strategic and nonstrategic factors related to memory, alertness would predict recall indirectly via strategic and nonstrategic factors (controlling for grade and gender), and this indirect path would be moderated by grade. The first 2 hypotheses were partially supported; the third was not. Self-reported alertness associated weakly with speed of tapping and with strategy use during encoding on the first trial (familiar words, no strategy cue). Analysis indicated an indirect effect via strategy use during encoding on Trial 1 but via speed of tapping on Trial 3. Tests of moderated mediation were not significant on any trial, indicating that the indirect pathways were not moderated by grade. Alertness may influence recall via strategic or nonstrategic processes, and its role may depend on familiarity and availability of strategy cues. Several proposed research directions are suggested for future exploration.

中文翻译：

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通过战略和非战略因素，自我评价的警觉性和回忆之间的间接关联

摘要 白天过度嗜睡与儿童和青少年的认知功能下降有关。本研究是通过战略和非战略记忆过程对来自 1、3、5 和大学的 66 名参与者的样本进行的睡眠和回忆之间的直接和间接关联进行初步检查。刺激的熟悉程度和战略提示的存在各不相同。分别测量编码期间和回忆期间的策略使用。本研究预测，警觉性将与记忆相关的战略和非战略因素相关，警觉性将通过战略和非战略因素（控制年级和性别）间接预测回忆，并且这种间接路径将由年级调节。前两个假设得到部分支持；第三个不是。自我报告的警觉性与敲击速度和第一次试验编码期间的策略使用弱相关（熟悉的单词，没有策略提示）。分析表明，在试验 1 的编码过程中通过策略使用产生间接影响，但通过试验 3 的轻敲速度。调节中介的测试在任何试验中均不显着，表明间接途径不受年级调节。警觉性可能通过战略或非战略过程影响回忆，其作用可能取决于战略线索的熟悉程度和可用性。为未来的探索提出了几个拟议的研究方向。分析表明，在试验 1 的编码过程中通过策略使用产生间接影响，但通过试验 3 的轻敲速度。调节中介的测试在任何试验中均不显着，表明间接途径不受年级调节。警觉性可能通过战略或非战略过程影响回忆，其作用可能取决于战略线索的熟悉程度和可用性。为未来的探索提出了几个拟议的研究方向。分析表明，在试验 1 的编码过程中，通过策略使用产生了间接影响，但通过对试验 3 的挖掘速度产生了间接影响。适度调解的测试在任何试验中均不显着，这表明间接途径不受年级的影响。警觉性可能通过战略或非战略过程影响回忆，其作用可能取决于战略线索的熟悉程度和可用性。为未来的探索提出了几个拟议的研究方向。