Abstract The Kalatongke magmatic Ni-Cu deposit features high Ni-Cu grades compared with other Ni-Cu deposits in the Central Asian orogenic belt. The sulfides, mainly hosted by olivine norite and gabbronorite, are characterized by high Cu/Ni ratios. There is wide variety of textural relationships in the mineralized rocks, including globular, sulfide matrix, emulsion, disseminated, net-textured, and semimassive to massive textures. Quantitative textural measurements reveal that more than 65 vol % of the total sulfide volume in disseminated ore (defined as containing 4–10 vol % sulfide) and more than 90 vol % of the total sulfide volume in net-textured ore (typically 16 vol % sulfide) are hosted in few interconnected networks with equivalent sphere diameters (ESDs) larger than 6 mm. This illustrates that sulfide coalescence is a critical process. The remaining sulfide blebs define two groups of log-linear particle size distribution (PSD), i.e., a finer group (ESD of 0.080–<0.529 mm) and a coarser group (ESD of 0.529–4.084 mm). The PSD of the finer group differs slightly among different types of mineralization. The origin of this group of sulfides is attributed to sulfide nucleation simultaneously with crystallization of the olivine-orthopyroxene-plagioclase phases from the ore-forming magma in the current magma chamber. The PSD of the coarser group from net-textured ores is parallel to that from the disseminated ore but has lower intercept values. Modeling results show that aggregation of ~40–70% sulfide blebs of different grain size from the disseminated ore into the networks can generate the coarser group sulfide PSD of net-textured ore. In addition, monosulfide solution (MSS, pyrrhotite component)-enriched sulfide globules are commonly located close to sulfide matrix ore breccias and emulsion-textured ores, rimming the net-textured and massive orebodies. These globules are different from the sulfide component that was in equilibrium with the mafic magma, suggesting they were formed by mechanical remobilization of a cumulus MSS-enriched component from a previously segregated and partially crystallized sulfide pool. These observations, combined with the ubiquitous chilled margin xenoliths in the high-grade ores, suggest that the Kalatongke deposit was the result of voluminous magma flow through the current location accompanied by sulfide reworking and percolation. All these textural characteristics could be explained by emplacement within a laterally propagating bladed dike. Moreover, the deformation recorded in the emulsion-textured and massive ores suggests the fault system remains active during magma solidification, driving downward migration of sulfide from the sulfide pool at magmatic temperature to form vein-type massive ore. We suggest that the Kalatongke deposit formed by magma pulses injecting into the current location and that the tectonic movement remains active during the solidification of the intrusion. The syntectonic emplacement model, which may be a common feature in the Central Asian orogenic belt Ni-Cu deposits, indicates that the fault systems beneath the intrusion are of great exploration interest for high-grade ores.

中文翻译：

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由硫化物织构说明的卡拉通克镍铜矿床硫化矿形成

摘要 与中亚造山带其他镍铜矿床相比，喀拉通克岩浆镍铜矿床具有较高的镍铜品位。硫化物主要以橄榄石钠长石和辉长石为主体，具有高铜/镍比的特点。矿化岩石的结构关系多种多样，包括球状、硫化物基质、乳状液、浸染状、网状结构和半块状到块状结构。定量质构测量表明，浸染性矿石中总硫化物体积的 65 vol% 以上（定义为含有 4-10 vol% 硫化物）和净质化矿石中总硫化物体积的 90 vol% 以上（通常为 16 vol%硫化物）存在于少数等效球直径（ESD）大于 6 毫米的互连网络中。这说明硫化物聚结是一个关键过程。剩余的硫化物气泡定义了两组对数线性粒度分布 (PSD)，即更细的组（ESD 为 0.080–<0.529 mm）和更粗的组（ESD 为 0.529–4.084 mm）。不同矿化类型中较细组的 PSD 略有不同。这组硫化物的起源归因于硫化物成核，同时橄榄石-斜方辉石-斜长石相从当前岩浆房中的成矿岩浆中结晶。网状矿石中较粗组的 PSD 与浸染矿石的 PSD 平行，但截距值较低。建模结果表明，大约 40-70% 的不同粒度的硫化物气泡从浸染性矿石聚集到网络中，可以产生网状矿石的更粗的硫化物 PSD。此外，富含单硫化物溶液（MSS，磁黄铁矿组分）的硫化物球通常位于靠近硫化物基质矿石角砾岩和乳液状矿石，包围网状和块状矿体。这些小球不同于与镁铁质岩浆平衡的硫化物成分，表明它们是由先前分离和部分结晶的硫化物池中富含积云 MSS 的成分的机械再活化形成的。这些观察结果与高品位矿石中普遍存在的冷边缘捕虏体相结合，表明卡拉通克矿床是大量岩浆流过当前位置并伴有硫化物再加工和渗滤的结果。所有这些纹理特征都可以通过在横向传播的叶片堤坝内的安置来解释。此外，乳状结构和块状矿石中记录的变形表明，在岩浆凝固过程中，断层系统仍然活跃，在岩浆温度下推动硫化物从硫化物池中向下运移，形成脉状块状矿石。我们认为喀拉通克矿床是由岩浆脉冲注入当前位置形成的，并且在侵入体凝固期间构造运动仍然活跃。同构造侵位模式，可能是中亚造山带镍铜矿床的共同特征，