This paper examines conditions of international return migration and their relation to risks of experiencing economic difficulties postreturn. Relying on unique survey data among Senegalese and Romanian returnees, we revisit and provide an empirical examination of the theoretical notion of return preparedness, involving aspects of voluntariness, resource mobilization and time to prepare. The lack of time to prepare return, more commonly associated with self-declared involuntary returns and deportations, is found to significantly increase the risk of economic difficulties post return in both contexts. Whilst emphasizing the complexity of voluntariness, the findings show that, additionally, returns compelled by external circumstances or negative return motivations (‘semi-involuntary’) are associated with higher risks of economic difficulties. Compared to nonmigrants, returnees experienced decreased risks of economic difficulties in Senegal, but not significantly in Romania. Those forced back to Senegal or compelled to return to Romania did, however not experience such risk decrease.

中文翻译：

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回归后重新融入经济——考察回归自愿性、资源调动和准备时间的作用

本文研究了国际返回移民的条件及其与返回后遇到经济困难的风险的关系。依靠塞内加尔和罗马尼亚返回者的独特调查数据，我们重新审视并提供返回准备理论概念的实证检验，涉及自愿性、资源调动和准备时间等方面。发现准备返回的时间不足，通常与自我宣布的非自愿返回和驱逐有关，在这两种情况下都会显着增加返回后经济困难的风险。在强调自愿性的复杂性的同时，研究结果表明，此外，受外部环境或负面回报动机（“半非自愿”）强迫的回报与更高的经济困难风险相关。与非移民相比，返回者在塞内加尔经历的经济困难风险降低，但在罗马尼亚并不显着。那些被迫返回塞内加尔或被迫返回罗马尼亚的人确实做到了，但没有经历这种风险降低。