The present study attempts to understand land use land cover change dynamics in an area subjected to opencast and underground coal mining for the last few decades in Kotma Coalmines of Anuppur District in Madhya Pradesh, India through geospatial techniques. Land use and land cover (LULC) change detection analysis was performed digitally classifying LANDSAT-5 (2001) as well as LANDSAT-8 (2020) satellite data using a maximum likelihood algorithm. Results revealed that area under dense native vegetation decreased drastically (by 13.74 km²) with the gradual and consistent expansion in the activities of coal mines which showed the highest increase in area over time (15.84 km²). Bivariate regression analysis showed the positive empirical relationships between vegetation indices and soil physico-chemical parameters. Studies suggested that soil and vegetation is degraded over the large mining areas consistently over a long time period. Despite the continuous reforestation activities on mined areas, the decline area under dense vegetation and sparse vegetation over the twenty-year time-scale indicates that the reclamation activities are still in its infancy. A land degradation vulnerability Index (LDVI) map was generated to understand the extent of decadal land degradation trends and it shows that 8.60% of the area is highly vulnerable to degradation. The land degradation index (LDI) inputs will help the planners to develop alternate strategies to tackle vulnerability zones for safe mining. Monthly estimation of various meteorological parameters was also recorded to generate heat plots for the period 2001–2020. The study concludes that monitoring and assessment of fragile ecosystems are indispensable for holistic environmental management.

中文翻译：

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印度中部老煤矿区十年土地退化动态评价

本研究试图通过地理空间技术了解过去几十年印度中央邦阿努普尔区科特玛煤矿露天和地下采煤地区的土地利用土地覆盖变化动态。土地利用和土地覆盖 (LULC) 变化检测分析使用最大似然算法对 LANDSAT-5 (2001) 和 LANDSAT-8 (2020) 卫星数据进行数字分类。结果表明，随着煤矿活动的逐渐和持续扩大，密集的原生植被面积急剧减少（减少了13.74 km ^{2 ），随着时间的推移，面积增幅最大（15.84 km 2 ）}）。双变量回归分析表明植被指数与土壤理化参数呈正相关。研究表明，大型矿区的土壤和植被在很长一段时间内持续退化。尽管矿区的重新造林活动持续不断，但在 20 年的时间尺度上，茂密植被和稀疏植被下的下降面积表明，填海造林活动仍处于起步阶段。生成了土地退化脆弱性指数 (LDVI) 图，以了解十年土地退化趋势的程度，它表明 8.60% 的区域极易受到退化的影响。土地退化指数 (LDI) 输入将帮助规划者制定替代策略来解决安全采矿的脆弱区。还记录了对各种气象参数的每月估计，以生成 2001-2020 年期间的热图。该研究得出结论，对脆弱的生态系统进行监测和评估对于整体环境管理是必不可少的。