Climatic shifts to warmer and often drier conditions are challenging terrestrial species worldwide. These shifts are occurring more rapidly at higher elevations and latitudes, likely causing disproportionate effects to mammalian hibernators there. While there is some information about how these species' ranges are responding to climatic shifts, we lack an understanding of how climate components are affecting species' life history variation, which is key to individual success and population-level resilience. We reviewed the literature to identify the direction of life history responses to climate change in mammalian hibernators along three axes: latitudinal, elevational and temporal. We found 39 studies involving 27 species that reported climate effects on our four target life history traits – phenology, body mass/condition and growth, reproduction and survival. We found warmer temperatures are advancing hibernator phenology and increasing reproductive success. By contrast, warming and drying trends are having uncertain effects on body condition, and complex effects on survival – depending on season, age class, latitude and elevation. We found no pattern of significant climate-trait outcomes by duration or decade of study. More research on drought conditions – particularly in relation to resource availability – would help inform hibernator susceptibility to increased drying trends expected to intensify globally. Notably, our results are highly biased towards small mammal hibernators in Northern Hemisphere alpine/mountain ecosystems, with few long-term studies conducted on Southern Hemisphere hibernators. This review highlights that phenological shifts constitute one of the most obvious consequences of climate change, yet, the timing of life history events (e.g. timing of migration, reproduction, hibernation) remains poorly understood. Further integration of insights from physiologists, evolutionary biologists and population ecologists working on wild populations will improve our collective understanding of the effects of seasonal climatic shifts on mammalian hibernator life history traits, key drivers of their population-level persistence.

中文翻译：

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气候变化对冬眠哺乳动物的生活史后果：综述

气候向更温暖和更干燥的条件转变正在挑战全球的陆地物种。这些变化在高海拔和高纬度地区发生得更快，可能对那里的哺乳动物冬眠者造成不成比例的影响。虽然有一些关于这些物种的分布范围如何应对气候变化的信息，但我们对气候成分如何影响物种的生活史变化缺乏了解，而这对个体成功和种群水平的恢复力至关重要。我们回顾了文献，以确定哺乳动物冬眠者的生活史对气候变化的反应方向，包括三个轴：纬度、海拔和时间。我们发现了 39 项研究，涉及 27 个物种，报告了气候对我们四个目标生活史特征的影响——物候、体重/状况和生长，繁殖和生存。我们发现温暖的温度正在推进冬眠物候学并提高繁殖成功率。相比之下，变暖和干燥趋势对身体状况的影响不确定，对生存的影响也很复杂——取决于季节、年龄层、纬度和海拔。我们没有发现按研究持续时间或十年研究的显着气候特征结果模式。对干旱条件的更多研究——特别是与资源可用性相关的研究——将有助于告知冬眠者对预计将在全球加剧的干旱趋势的敏感性。值得注意的是，我们的结果高度偏向于北半球高山/山地生态系统中的小型哺乳动物冬眠者，很少对南半球冬眠者进行长期研究。这篇综述强调物候变化是气候变化最明显的后果之一，然而，人们对生活史事件的时间（例如迁徙、繁殖、冬眠的时间）知之甚少。进一步整合研究野生种群的生理学家、进化生物学家和种群生态学家的见解将提高我们对季节性气候变化对哺乳动物冬眠生活史特征的影响的集体理解，这些特征是其种群水平持续存在的关键驱动因素。