Biomaterials have provided promising strategies towards improving the functions of injured tissues of the nervous system. Recently, 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and black phosphorous, which are characterized by ultrathin film structures, have attracted much attention in the fields of neural repair and regeneration. 2D nanomaterials have extraordinary physicochemical properties and excellent biological activities, such as a large surface-area-to-thickness ratio, high levels of adhesion, and adjustable flexibility. In addition, they can be designed to have superior biocompatibility and electrical or nano-carrier properties. To date, many 2D nanomaterials have been used for synaptic modulation, neuroinflammatory reduction, stem cell fate regulation, and injured neural cell/tissue repair. In this review, we discuss the advances in 2D nanomaterial technology towards novel neurological applications and the mechanisms underlying their unique features. In addition, the future outlook of functional 2D nanomaterials towards addressing the difficult issues of neuropathy has been explored to introduce a promising strategy towards repairing and regenerating the injured nervous system.

生物材料为改善神经系统受损组织的功能提供了有希望的策略。近年来，以超薄膜结构为特征的二维纳米材料，如石墨烯、层状双氢氧化物（LDHs）和黑磷，在神经修复和再生领域引起了广泛关注。二维纳米材料具有非凡的物理化学性质和优异的生物活性，例如大的表面积与厚度比、高水平的粘附性和可调节的柔韧性。此外，它们可以设计成具有优异的生物相容性和电或纳米载体特性。迄今为止，许多二维纳米材料已被用于突触调节、神经炎症减少、干细胞命运调节和受损神经细胞/组织修复。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了二维纳米材料技术在新的神经学应用方面的进展及其独特特征的机制。此外，已经探索了功能性二维纳米材料在解决神经病变难题方面的未来前景，以引入一种有前途的策略来修复和再生受损的神经系统。