The floodplains play an important role in agricultural development and rural livelihoods in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. As an intensive rice production area of Vietnam, the floodplain has experienced significant changes in water management regime during the recent decades. Depending on specific locations and irrigation infrastructure investments, four main water management practices have been innovated, particularly a planting season of two crops per year (2C1Y), three crops per year (3C1Y), three years eight crops (3Y8C) and two years five crops (2Y5C). The 4R framework (Reform, Result, Resilience, and Return) was developed based on grounded theory approach for resilience assessment of various innovative water management practices. In terms of resilience, we found that each crop pattern involves pros and cons, and the intensive crop practices are less resilient systems, especially in social, environmental, and ecological aspects. The findings provide good lessons learned not only for Vietnam but also for the other rice-producing deltas implementing ecosystem resilience to adapt to global challenges such as flood, drought, and salinity intrusion.

洪泛区在其中发挥着重要作用越南湄公河三角洲的农业发展和农村生计。作为越南的水稻集约产区，洪泛区在近几十年中经历了水资源管理制度的重大变化。根据具体地点和灌溉基础设施投资，创新了四种主要的水管理实践，特别是一年两季作物 (2C1Y)、一年三季作物 (3C1Y)、三年八季作物 (3Y8C) 和两年五季的种植季节作物（2Y5C）。4R 框架（改革、结果、复原力和回报）是基于扎根理论方法开发的，用于对各种创新的水管理实践进行复原力评估。在复原力方面，我们发现每种作物模式都有利弊，而密集的作物做法是弹性较差的系统，尤其是在社会、环境和生态方面。这些发现不仅为越南提供了良好的经验教训，也为其他水稻生产三角洲实施生态系统恢复能力，以适应洪水、干旱和盐碱入侵等全球性挑战。