This article develops a dual-agency model of leadership which treats collective phenomena as a co-production involving both leaders and followers who identify with the same social group. The model integrates work on identity leadership and engaged followership derived from the social identity approach in social psychology. In contrast to binary models which view either leaders or followers as having agency, this work argues that leaders gain influence by defining the parameters of action in ways that frame the agency of their followers but leave space for creativity in how collective goals are accomplished. Followers in turn, exhibit their loyalty and attachment to the leader by striving to be effective in advancing these goals, thereby empowering and giving agency to the leader. We illustrate the model primarily through the events of 6th January 2021 when Donald Trump’s exhortations to his supporters that they should ‘fight’ to ‘stop the steal’ of the 2020 election was followed by an attack on the United States’ Capitol. We argue that it is Trump’s willing participation in this mutual process of identity enactment, rather than any instructions contained in his speech, that should be the basis for assessing his influence on, and responsibility for, the assault.

本文开发了一种领导力的双重代理模型，该模型将集体现象视为涉及认同同一社会群体的领导者和追随者的共同产物。该模型整合了从社会心理学中的社会认同方法中得出的身份领导和参与追随者的工作。与查看领导者或追随者具有代理权，这项工作认为，领导者通过定义行动参数来获得影响力，这些参数定义了他们的追随者代理权的方式，但在如何实现集体目标方面留下了创造力空间。反过来，追随者通过努力有效地推进这些目标来展示他们对领导者的忠诚和依恋，从而赋予领导者权力和代理权。我们主要通过 2021 年 1 月 6 日的事件来说明该模型，当时唐纳德特朗普劝告他的支持者他们应该“战斗”以“阻止窃取” 2020 年大选，随后袭击了美国国会大厦。我们认为，这是特朗普自愿参与身份制定的相互过程，而不是他演讲中包含的任何指示，