Models are important tools to address sustainability challenges associated with developing aquaculture at farm, regional and global scales. Farm-scale models (FSMs), which are integrated mathematical models developed to simulate farm operations, can quantify energy, mass or economic input flows and predict a variety of outputs such as fish biomass, waste and by-products. The variety of farming systems, equations available to build the models, and objectives of applications and intended users has resulted in the publication of wide range of FSMs. We performed a narrative review of 36 fish FSMs published from 1985–2021 to address several questions: Can the main characteristics of these models be defined? How do the farming system studied and the objectives of the study influence model development? What are the main modelling techniques available to simulate the main processes of a fish farm, and what are their advantages and disadvantages? How can FSMs help address sustainability challenges of aquaculture? This review discusses advances, limitations and future lines of research related to FSMs to help select existing models, or develop new ones, that are suitable for their intended use and users. The article is structured according to the main steps of the modelling process: (i) definition of scope and objectives; (ii) process formulation and model selection at individual, cohort and farm levels; (iii) implementation and evaluation; and (iv) applications (e.g. precision fish farming, IMTA modelling, supporting spatial management, life cycle assessment). At each step, recommendations are provided and research needs are stated.

中文翻译：

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鱼类养殖中的农场规模模型——方法和应用概述

模型是解决与在农场、区域和全球范围内发展水产养殖相关的可持续性挑战的重要工具。农场规模模型 (FSM) 是为模拟农场运营而开发的综合数学模型，可以量化能源、质量或经济输入流量，并预测鱼类生物量、废物和副产品等各种输出。各种农业系统、可用于建立模型的方程、应用目标和预期用户导致了广泛的 FSM 的发布。我们对 1985 年至 2021 年出版的 36 种鱼类 FSM 进行了叙述性审查，以解决几个问题：能否定义这些模型的主要特征？研究的耕作系统和研究目标如何影响模型开发？可用于模拟养鱼场主要流程的主要建模技术有哪些，它们的优缺点是什么？FSM 如何帮助应对水产养殖的可持续性挑战？本综述讨论了与 FSM 相关的进展、局限性和未来研究方向，以帮助选择适合其预期用途和用户的现有模型或开发新模型。本文根据建模过程的主要步骤构建： (i) 范围和目标的定义；(ii) 个体、群体和农场层面的流程制定和模型选择；㈢ 实施和评价；(iv) 应用（例如精准养鱼，IMTA 建模，支持空间管理，生命周期评估）。在每个步骤中，都会提供建议并说明研究需求。