Understanding how multiple ecosystem services interact, how trade-offs emerge, and how interactions among ecosystem services may change after the Grain-for-Green-Program (GFGP) and is critical for managing multiple ecosystem services. Here, we conducted a spatiotemporal approach to quantify the impact of large-scale afforestation on four key ecosystem services (i.e., crop production, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, and water conservation). We observed that three satellite datasets (i.e., GIMMS-LAI3g, GIMMS-NDVI3g, and NDVI-ESTARFM) time-series show a slightly improved and significantly improved trends, and crop production, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and water conservation have improved after the implementation of GFGP. Simultaneously, almost 49% of the low levels and 58% of the high levels for all four of the ecosystem services considered changed after the implementation of GFGP. The results also show that relationships among ecosystem services have shifted from a trade-off in 1988 and 1999 to an apparent synergistic relationship in 2011.We conclude that GFGP is a successful programme for addressing trade-offs between services. Our study provides experiential support for large-scale restoration programme in humid area around the World.

中文翻译：

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大规模植树造林对生态系统服务影响的动态

了解多种生态系统服务如何相互作用、如何权衡取舍以及生态系统服务之间的相互作用在“以粮换绿计划” (GFGP) 后可能发生的变化，这对于管理多种生态系统服务至关重要。在这里，我们采用时空方法来量化大规模植树造林对四个关键生态系统服务（即作物生产、土壤保持、碳固存和水资源保护）的影响。我们观察到三个卫星数据集（即GIMMS-LAI3g、GIMMS-NDVI3g和NDVI-ESTARFM）时间序列呈现出略有改善和显着改善的趋势，之后农作物产量、固碳、水土保持和水源保持都有所改善。 GFGP的实施。同时，GFGP 实施后，所有四种生态系统服务的低水平和高水平的近 49% 和 58% 发生了变化。结果还表明，生态系统服务之间的关系已从 1988 年和 1999 年的权衡关系转变为 2011 年的明显协同关系。我们得出结论，GFGP 是解决服务之间权衡的成功计划。我们的研究为世界各地潮湿地区的大规模恢复计划提供了经验支持。