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Gramicidin A accumulates in mitochondria, reduces ATP levels, induces mitophagy, and inhibits cancer cell growth
Chemical Science ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2022-06-03 , DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02024f
Yun-Wei Xue 1 , Hiroaki Itoh 1 , Shingo Dan 2 , Masayuki Inoue 1
Affiliation  

Gramicidin A (1) is a linear 15-mer peptidic natural product. Because of its sequence of alternating D- and L-chirality, 1 folds into a β6.3-helix in a lipid bilayer and forms a head-to-head dimer to function as a transmembrane channel for monovalent cations (H+, Na+, and K+). The potent anticancer activity of 1 was believed to be mainly attributed to the free ion diffusion across the plasma membrane. In this study, we investigated the cytostatic action of 1 in nanomolar concentrations using the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, and revealed the unprecedented spatiotemporal behavior of 1 for the first time. Compound 1 not only disrupted the ion concentration gradients of the plasma membrane, but also localized in the mitochondria and depolarized the inner mitochondrial membrane. The diminished H+ gradient in the mitochondria inhibited ATP synthesis. The resultant mitochondrial malfunction led to mitophagy, while the cellular energy depletion induced G1 phase accumulation. The multiple events occurred in a time-dependent fashion and ultimately caused potent inhibition of cell growth. The present study provides valuable information for the design and development of new cytostatic agents exploiting channel-forming natural products.

中文翻译:

短杆菌肽 A 在线粒体中积累,降低 ATP 水平,诱导线粒体自噬,并抑制癌细胞生长

Gramicidin A ( 1 ) 是一种线性的 15 聚体肽天然产物。由于其交替的D - 和L - 手性序列,1在脂质双层中折叠成 β 6.3 -螺旋并形成头对头二聚体,作为单价阳离子(H +, Na +,和 K + )。1的有效抗癌活性被认为主要归因于跨质膜的自由离子扩散。在这项研究中,我们研究了1使用人乳腺癌细胞系 MCF-7 在纳摩尔浓度下,首次揭示了1前所未有的时空行为。化合物1不仅破坏了质膜的离子浓度梯度,而且还定位于线粒体并使线粒体内膜去极化。减少的 H +线粒体中的梯度抑制了 ATP 的合成。由此产生的线粒体功能障碍导致线粒体自噬,而细胞能量消耗导致 G1 期积累。多个事件以时间依赖性方式发生并最终导致细胞生长的有效抑制。本研究为利用形成通道的天然产物设计和开发新的细胞抑制剂提供了有价值的信息。
更新日期:2022-06-03
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