Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past two decades, with a growing focus on the interactive roles of mechanics in recent years. Growth of plant organs involves feedback by mechanical stress: growth induces stress, and stress affects growth and morphogenesis. Although much attention has been given to potential stress-sensing mechanisms and cellular responses, the mechanical principles guiding morphogenesis have not been well understood. Here we synthesize the overarching roles of mechanics and mechanical stress in multilevel and multiple stages of leaf morphogenesis, encompassing leaf primordium initiation, phyllotaxis and venation patterning, and the establishment of complex mature leaf shapes. Moreover, the roles of mechanics at multiscale levels, from subcellular cytoskeletal molecules to single cells to tissues at the organ scale, are articulated. By highlighting the role of mechanical buckling in the formation of three-dimensional leaf shapes, this review integrates the perspectives of mechanics and biology to provide broader insights into the mechanobiology of leaf morphogenesis.

植物产生丰富多样的生物形态，其中叶片的多样性尤为显着。在过去的二十年里，人们对叶片形态发生的机制进行了研究，近年来越来越关注力学的交互作用。植物器官的生长涉及机械压力的反馈：生长引起压力，压力影响生长和形态发生。尽管已经对潜在的压力感应机制和细胞反应给予了很多关注，但指导形态发生的机械原理尚未得到很好的理解。在这里，我们综合了力学和机械应力在叶片形态发生的多层次和多阶段中的首要作用，包括叶原基起始、叶序和脉络模式，以及复杂成熟叶形状的建立。而且，从亚细胞细胞骨架分子到单细胞再到器官尺度的组织，力学在多尺度水平上的作用都得到了阐述。通过强调机械屈曲在 3D 叶片形状形成中的作用，本综述整合了力学和生物学的观点，为叶片形态发生的力学生物学提供了更广泛的见解。