The Wulong gold deposit (> 80 t Au) is located at the northeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). Gold in the most economically important quartz veins (Stages 2 and 3) is associated with a varied assemblage of Bi and Te minerals. Stage 2 is characterized by, in a temporal order, native gold-native bismuth-maldonite-hedleyite, bismuthinite-Bi-sulfotellurides, electrum-hessite-Bi-Pb-Ag sulfosalts, Bi-Pb sulfosalts, and Bi-Pb-sulfotellurides. All of these minerals except maldonite, electrum, hessite, and Bi-sulfosalts are present in Stage 3 veins, which also contain jonassonite and unnamed minerals with stoichiometry of Bi₈Te₃ and Bi₅Te₃. These complex Bi mineral assemblages resulted from changes in Pb, Ag, Te and Bi concentrations in reduced hydrothermal fluids both locally and temporally, from Stage 2 to 3. Texturally, approximately 85% of the gold grains are associated with almost all Bi minerals in each main-stage mineralization. Quartz-vein ores from Stages 2 and 3 have high Bi concentrations (up to 7332 ppm) and show a positive correlation between Bi and Au, with Bi/Au ratios > 10. These textural and geochemical associations, together with the occurrence of numerous droplet-like blebs and small inclusion trails of native bismuth and Bi-tellurides with native gold, maldonite, or jonassonite, suggest that Bi-rich melts may have formed from the hydrothermal fluids of Stages 2 and 3, and acted as an Au scavenger in a complex Bi-Au-Pb-Ag-Te system. Hence, the intimate association of Bi and Au at Wulong is the result of Au enrichment via the liquid bismuth collector mechanism. Unlike Wulong, however, other deposits in the NCC, such as Yangzhaiyu (Xiaoqinling district), Guilaizhuang (Jiaodong district) and Dongping (Jidong district), are characterized by low Bi concentrations, and are much richer in Te than Bi, so these systems could not generate low-melting point Bi-rich polymetallic melts. The low-sulfur Bi-Au-Pb-Ag-Te association at Wulong is consistent with that observed in reduced intrusion-related gold systems elsewhere and suggests that hydrothermal fluids may have been derived from the co-located Early Cretaceous diorite-granite porphyry dyke swarm.

五龙金矿床（> 80 t Au）位于华北克拉通（NCC）的东北边缘。经济上最重要的石英脉（第 2 和第 3 阶段）中的金与各种铋和碲矿物组合有关。第 2 阶段的特征是，按时间顺序，天然金-天然铋-镁钠长石-hedleyite、铋-铋-Bi-硫碲化物、金银矿-红铁矿-Bi-Pb-Ag 硫盐、Bi-Pb 硫盐和Bi-Pb-硫碲化物。3 期矿脉中除了镁铝石、金银矿、红铁矿和双硫盐外，所有这些矿物都存在，其中还含有钙钠铝石和化学计量比为 Bi ₈ Te ₃和 Bi ₅ Te _{3的未命名矿物}. 这些复杂的铋矿物组合是由于从第 2 阶段到第 3 阶段，局部和暂时减少的热液中 Pb、Ag、Te 和 Bi 浓度的变化造成的。从结构上看，大约 85% 的金颗粒与每个阶段的几乎所有 Bi 矿物有关主阶段成矿。来自第 2 阶段和第 3 阶段的石英脉矿石具有较高的 Bi 浓度（高达 7332 ppm），并且显示出 Bi 和 Au 之间的正相关关系，Bi/Au 比率 > 10。这些结构和地球化学关联以及大量液滴的出现原生铋和碲化铋与原生金、镁铝石或钠钙石的类气泡和小包裹体痕迹表明，富铋熔体可能是由第 2 阶段和第 3 阶段的热液形成的，并在复杂的 Bi-Au-Pb-Ag-Te 系统。因此，在武隆，Bi 和 Au 的密切结合是通过液态铋捕收剂机制富集 Au 的结果。然而，与武隆不同的是，华北地区的杨寨峪（小秦岭地区）、桂来庄（胶东地区）和东坪（冀东地区）等其他矿床的Bi浓度较低，而且比Bi丰富得多，因此这些系统不能生成低熔点富铋多金属熔体。武隆的低硫 Bi-Au-Pb-Ag-Te 组合与在其他地方的减少侵入相关金系统中观察到的一致，并表明热液可能来自共存的早白垩世闪长岩-花岗岩斑岩岩脉一群。华北克拉通区的其他矿床，如杨寨峪（小秦岭）、桂来庄（胶东区）和东坪（冀东区）等，均以低Bi浓度为特征，且比Bi富得多，因此这些系统不能产生低-熔点 富铋多金属熔体。武隆的低硫 Bi-Au-Pb-Ag-Te 组合与在其他地方的减少侵入相关金系统中观察到的一致，并表明热液可能来自共存的早白垩世闪长岩-花岗岩斑岩岩脉一群。华北克拉通区的其他矿床，如杨寨峪（小秦岭）、桂来庄（胶东区）和东坪（冀东区）等，均以低Bi浓度为特征，且比Bi富得多，因此这些系统不能产生低-熔点 富铋多金属熔体。武隆的低硫 Bi-Au-Pb-Ag-Te 组合与在其他地方的减少侵入相关金系统中观察到的一致，并表明热液可能来自共存的早白垩世闪长岩-花岗岩斑岩岩脉一群。