Coral reefs are significantly threatened by multiple environmental stressors associated with climate change. While there is growing recognition of the importance of interacting stressors on coral reefs, so far this has been primarily limited to in situ studies. Satellite remote sensing has potential for investigating coral reef exposure to multiple environmental stressors at a global scale over multiple years; however, current satellite monitoring is primarily focused on thermal stress. Here we collate nine environmental variables (cloud cover, current, depth, salinity, wind, and four sea surface temperature-based metrics) from readily available satellite datasets using the Google Earth Engine geospatial processing platform. Using ecological and health-based thresholds obtained from the literature, we developed, using fuzzy logic (discontinuous functions), a Reef Environmental Stress Exposure Toolbox (RESET) for monitoring environmental stress exposure at multiple scales. Stress exposure scores for 3157 reefs were generated and mapped globally across 12 coral reef ecosystem regions. RESET was also applied to three case-study reefs, previously well monitored for stress and disturbance using other methods. PCA analysis indicated that depth, current, sea surface temperature (SST) and SST anomaly accounted for the greatest contribution to the variance in environmental stress exposure in these three regions. Depth, degree heating weeks, and SST anomaly were identified as the potential drivers of inter- and intra-region variation in environmental stress exposure. Individual variables were then integrated into a multi-metric index of combined stress exposure which corroborated temporal and spatial differences due to known disturbance events. RESET provides a open access, easily interpretable set of tools and associated indices for monitoring environmental stress exposure on coral reefs, designed to inform conservation and management decisions. As such RESET has broad potential to assist in the monitoring of our increasingly imperilled coral ecosystems, in particular, those that are remote or inaccessible.

中文翻译：

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使用卫星地球观测监测浅层珊瑚礁暴露于环境压力因素：珊瑚礁环境压力暴露工具箱（RESET）

珊瑚礁受到与气候变化相关的多种环境压力因素的严重威胁。虽然人们越来越认识到相互作用的压力源对珊瑚礁的重要性，但到目前为止，这主要限于原位研究。卫星遥感有可能在多年内调查珊瑚礁在全球范围内暴露于多种环境压力因素的情况；然而，目前的卫星监测主要集中在热应力上。在这里，我们使用 Google Earth Engine 地理空间处理平台从现成的卫星数据集中整理了九个环境变量（云量、海流、深度、盐度、风和四个基于海面温度的指标）。使用从文献中获得的基于生态和健康的阈值，我们开发了，使用模糊逻辑（不连续函数），珊瑚礁环境压力暴露工具箱（RESET），用于监测多尺度的环境压力暴露。生成了 3157 个珊瑚礁的压力暴露分数，并在全球范围内绘制了 12 个珊瑚礁生态系统区域。RESET 还应用于三个案例研究珊瑚礁，之前使用其他方法很好地监测了压力和干扰。PCA分析表明，深度、海流、海面温度（SST）和SST异常对这三个区域的环境应力暴露变化贡献最大。深度、加热周数和 SST 异常被确定为环境压力暴露的区域间和区域内变化的潜在驱动因素。然后将各个变量整合到综合压力暴露的多指标指数中，该指数证实了由于已知干扰事件造成的时间和空间差异。RESET 提供了一套开放访问、易于解释的工具和相关指数，用于监测珊瑚礁的环境压力暴露，旨在为保护和管理决策提供信息。因此，RESET 具有广泛的潜力，可以帮助监测我们日益受到威胁的珊瑚生态系统，特别是那些偏远或难以进入的珊瑚生态系统。