Bacteriophages (phages) are selective viral predators of bacteria. Abundant and ubiquitous in nature, phages can be used to treat bacterial infections (phage therapy), including refractory infections and those resistant to antibiotics. However, despite an abundance of anecdotal evidence of efficacy, significant hurdles remain before routine implementation of phage therapy into medical practice, including a dearth of robust clinical trial data. Phage–bacterium interactions are complex and diverse, characterized by co-evolution trajectories that are significantly influenced by the environments in which they occur (mammalian body sites, water, soil, etc.). An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these dynamics is essential for successful clinical translation. This review aims to cover key aspects of bacterium–phage interactions that affect bacterial killing by describing the most relevant published literature and detailing the current knowledge gaps most likely to influence therapeutic success.

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成功的噬菌体疗法的生物学基础

噬菌体（噬菌体）是细菌的选择性病毒捕食者。噬菌体丰富且无处不在，可用于治疗细菌感染（噬菌体疗法），包括难治性感染和对抗生素耐药的感染。然而，尽管有大量关于疗效的轶事证据，但在将噬菌体疗法常规实施到医疗实践之前仍然存在重大障碍，包括缺乏可靠的临床试验数据。噬菌体-细菌相互作用是复杂多样的，其特点是共同进化轨迹受到它们发生的环境（哺乳动物身体部位、水、土壤等）的显着影响。了解支撑这些动力学的分子机制对于成功的临床转化至关重要。