Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) has emerged as a key technique for resource governance across much of southern Africa. While it was seen early on in its inception in many countries as a virtual panacea for sustainable development, its success has waned over time. While the predominant literature points to a number of reasons for diminished benefits, I argue in this article that climate change is the binding constraint to programme success. I further argue that this has been largely omitted from scholarly research owing to CBNRM being analysed predominantly as a domestic policy for conservation, which ignores the global dynamic of this form of resource governance and the power imbalances created by the many players involved. I argue that CBNRM is best understood as a global assemblage in which competing actors exercise various forms of power that are at times synergistic and at other times in opposition to one another. The article specifically outlines the issue of trophy hunting as a form of ‘consumptive’ conservation, which is generally framed in contrast to photographic tourism, seen widely as a ‘non-consumptive’ form of conservation. Based on fieldwork conducted in Namibia, I argue that all forms of tourism are in fact consumptive and that all variables need to be accounted for in deciding what is consumptive or not consumptive.

基于社区的自然资源管理 (CBNRM) 已成为南部非洲大部分地区资源治理的关键技术。虽然它在许多国家成立之初就被视为可持续发展的虚拟灵丹妙药，但随着时间的推移，它的成功已经减弱。虽然主要文献指出了收益减少的一些原因，但我在本文中认为气候变化是项目成功的约束性约束。我进一步认为，由于 CBNRM 主要被分析为国内保护政策，这在很大程度上被学术研究忽略了，它忽略了这种资源治理形式的全球动态以及许多相关参与者造成的权力不平衡。我认为，CBNRM 最好被理解为一个全球性的集合体，在这个集合体中，相互竞争的参与者行使各种形式的权力，这些权力有时是协同的，有时是相互对立的。这篇文章特别概述了作为一种“消耗性”保护形式的战利品狩猎问题，通常与摄影旅游形成对比，摄影旅游被广泛视为一种“非消耗性”保护形式。基于在纳米比亚进行的实地调查，我认为所有形式的旅游实际上都是消费性的，并且在决定什么是消费性或非消费性时需要考虑所有变量。这通常与摄影旅游形成鲜明对比，摄影旅游被广泛视为一种“非消费性”的保护形式。基于在纳米比亚进行的实地调查，我认为所有形式的旅游实际上都是消费性的，并且在决定什么是消费性或非消费性时需要考虑所有变量。这通常与摄影旅游形成鲜明对比，摄影旅游被广泛视为一种“非消费性”的保护形式。基于在纳米比亚进行的实地调查，我认为所有形式的旅游实际上都是消费性的，并且在决定什么是消费性或非消费性时需要考虑所有变量。