Biomass can be converted via fermentation, pyrolysis, gasification, or combustion to a variety of bioenergies, and each conversion technology generates streams with different flows and CO₂ concentrations that can undergo carbon capture. We use system-wide optimization models to determine the conversion technologies and level of carbon capture that lead to the minimum breakeven cost of fuel for a range of capacities and sequestration credits. We investigate how the optimal systems depend on constraints, such as energetic biorefinery self-sufficiency; and parameters, such as biomass availability. Pyrolysis to gasoline/diesel with hydrogen purchase produces liquid fuel for the lowest cost when energy purchase is allowed, with flue gas capture incentivized at sequestration credits of $48–54 per Mg CO₂. With increasing sequestration credits, gasification to gasoline/diesel with carbon capture becomes optimal. When all bioenergies are considered, the cost per forward motion of electricity and hydrogen is lower than for liquid fuels because of the higher efficiency of electric motors and hydrogen fuel cells. We find that while gasification to electricity results in the greatest greenhouse gas mitigation under the current energy production mix, gasification to hydrogen is expected to result in the greatest mitigation in the future as the energy production mix changes.

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使用碳捕获策略分析替代生物能源：现在和未来

生物质可以通过发酵、热解、气化或燃烧转化为各种生物能源，每种转化技术都会产生不同流量和 CO _2的物流可以进行碳捕获的浓度。我们使用系统范围的优化模型来确定碳捕获的转换技术和水平，从而使一系列容量和封存信用的燃料盈亏平衡成本最低。我们研究了最佳系统如何依赖于约束，例如高能生物精炼厂的自给自足；和参数，例如生物量可用性。_{在允许购买能源的情况下，通过购买氢气热解成汽油/柴油以最低成本生产液体燃料，以每 Mg CO 2} 48-54 美元的封存信用激励烟气捕获. 随着封存信用的增加，具有碳捕获的汽油/柴油气化成为最佳选择。当考虑所有生物能源时，由于电动机和氢燃料电池的效率更高，电力和氢的每次向前运动的成本低于液体燃料。我们发现，虽然在当前的能源生产结构下，气化发电可以最大程度地减缓温室气体排放，但随着能源生产结构的变化，预计未来气化制氢会带来最大程度的减缓。