Weeds are one of the key threats in sustaining the productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. The development of sound integrated weed management technologies requires knowledge of mechanisms that influence weed flora composition and weed seedbank dynamics. A long-term study was initiated in 2015 at Patna, Bihar, India to evaluate the effect of seven tillage and crop establishment methods on weed density, weed seedbank composition, and crop productivity in rice-wheat-mungbean rotation. All the treatments included zero-till mungbean after wheat. Tillage and crop establishment methods had differential effects on weed and weed seedbank composition. In rice, zero-till direct-seeded rice recorded 62% lower emergence of Cyperus iria, 82–90% of Echinochloa colona, and 81–83% of total weeds compared to tilled systems, but the system of rice and wheat intensification favoured E. colona. In wheat, the system of wheat intensification favoured the Phalaris minor and Solanum nigrum. Zero-till rice and wheat reduced the seedbank of Trianthema portulacastrum by 95%, and total weed seedbank by 62% compared to the system of rice and wheat intensification. Nearly, 72% of C. iria seeds, 62% of grasses, and 64% of broad-leaved weeds were in 0–15 cm soil layer. Zero-till direct-seeded rice produced a 13% lower rice grain yield than conventional puddled transplanted rice. Compared to the system of wheat intensification, zero-till wheat under triple zero-till systems produced an 11.5% higher grain yield. Managing weed seedbank is a long-term endeavour. The present study revealed that tillage and crop establishment methods influence weed density and diversity. Under zero-till rice-wheat system, rice yield decreases marginally, but the system productivity maintains due to improvement in succeeding wheat yield. This system is also helpful in reducing the weed flora density and soil weed seedbank. Regular monitoring and management of emerging pests such as armyworm (Mythimna separata) are, however, required. The study suggests that the adoption of triple zero-tillage can be a viable option for reducing the weed density and weed seedbank concurrently increasing the system productivity of the rice-wheat-mungbean cropping system in eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains.

杂草是维持印度恒河平原稻麦种植系统生产力的主要威胁之一。开发完善的综合杂草管理技术需要了解影响杂草菌群组成和杂草种子库动态的机制。 2015 年，印度比哈尔邦巴特那启动了一项长期研究，旨在评估七种耕作和作物种植方法对水稻-小麦-绿豆轮作中杂草密度、杂草种子库组成和作物生产力的影响。所有处理均包括在小麦之后零耕绿豆。耕作和作物种植方法对杂草和杂草种子库的组成有不同的影响。在水稻方面，与耕作系统相比，零耕直播水稻的莎草出苗率、稗草出苗率分别降低了 62%、稗草出苗率降低了 82-90%，杂草总数降低了 81-83%，但水稻和小麦集约化系统有利于E . 科洛纳.在小麦方面，小麦集约化系统有利于小鹬和龙葵。与水稻和小麦强化制度相比，零耕水稻和小麦使马齿苋种子库减少了 95%，杂草种子库总数减少了 62%。大约72%的C. iria种子、62%的禾本科杂草和64%的阔叶杂草位于0-15厘米的土层中。零耕直播水稻的稻米产量比传统的泥耕移栽水稻低 13%。与小麦集约化系统相比，三重零耕系统下的零耕小麦产量高出 11.5%。管理杂草种子库是一项长期工作。 本研究表明，耕作和作物种植方法会影响杂草密度和多样性。在稻麦零耕制度下，水稻产量略有下降，但由于后茬小麦产量提高，系统生产力得以维持。该系统还有助于减少杂草菌群密度和土壤杂草种子库。然而，需要定期监测和管理新出现的害虫，例如粘虫（ Mythimna separata ）。该研究表明，采用三重零耕作可能是降低杂草密度和杂草种子库的可行选择，同时提高印度恒河平原东部水稻-小麦-绿豆种植系统的系统生产力。