This study examined reciprocal longitudinal effects between mobile phone dependence, friendships, and depressive symptoms using 3-year longitudinal data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was applied to a sample of 1,737 adolescents. Results suggested that unidirectional relationships exist between the three variables: friendships reduce mobile phone dependence (B = −0.068, p = 0.058; B = −0.118, p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms increase mobile phone dependence (B = 0.082, p = 0.001; B = 0.128, p < 0.001); however, mobile phone dependence does not affect friendships and depressive symptoms. In addition, this study provided evidence of the negative bidirectional relationship between friendships and depressive symptoms. We suggest that, to prevent or treat adolescents’ mobile phone dependence, a practical approach regarding friendships and depressive symptoms is needed.

中文翻译：

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韩国青少年手机依赖、友谊和抑郁症状的纵向交叉滞后分析

本研究使用韩国儿童和青少年小组调查的 3 年纵向数据，检验了手机依赖、友谊和抑郁症状之间的纵向交互效应。将自回归交叉滞后模型应用于 1,737 名青少年的样本。结果表明，三个变量之间存在单向关系：友谊减少手机依赖（B  = -0.068，p  = 0.058；B  = -0.118，p  < 0.001）和抑郁症状增加手机依赖（B  = 0.082，p  = 0.001 ） ; B  = 0.128, p < 0.001); 然而，手机依赖并不影响友谊和抑郁症状。此外，这项研究提供了友谊和抑郁症状之间负双向关系的证据。我们建议，为了预防或治疗青少年的手机依赖，需要一种关于友谊和抑郁症状的实用方法。