Abstract Disinformation and other forms of manipulative, antidemocratic communication have emerged as a problem for Internet policy. While such operations are not limited to electoral politics, efforts to influence and disrupt elections have created significant concerns. Data-driven digital advertising has played a key role in facilitating political manipulation campaigns. Rather than stand alone incidents, manipulation operations reflect systemic issues within digital advertising markets and infrastructures. Policy responses must include approaches that consider digital advertising platforms and the strategic communications capacities they enable. At their root, these systems are designed to facilitate asymmetrical relationships of influence.

中文翻译：

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政治操纵和互联网广告基础设施

摘要 虚假信息和其他形式的操纵性、反民主传播已经成为互联网政策的一个问题。虽然此类行动不仅限于选举政治，但影响和破坏选举的努力已经引起了重大关注。数据驱动的数字广告在促进政治操纵活动方面发挥了关键作用。操纵操作不是孤立事件，而是反映数字广告市场和基础设施中的系统性问题。政策响应必须包括考虑数字广告平台及其实现的战略沟通能力的方法。从根本上说，这些系统旨在促进不对称的影响关系。