Aims: To examine how interpersonal interactions within and between the social networks formed by teachers, parents, students, and others shape the unique culture of the school, which in turn, reciprocally exerts a determining influence on each individual in the network. Design: Cross-sectional study exploring whether factors associated with alcohol use at the individual level also exert influence on the culture of a school. Setting: Twelve middle schools within an urban school district in the Midwestern United States. Participants: Seventh grade students (N = 1,620). Measures: Lifetime alcohol use behaviors; mothers’ and fathers’ involvement in their child’s education; and peer deviance.  Findings: The findings of this study suggest that as parents’ involvement in education increases, and as peer deviance decreases, there are direct benefits to the child, and a protective effect for other children within the school when, in the aggregate, parental involvement increases and peer deviance decreases. Conclusions: The effect of interventions to improve parent involvement and reduce peer deviance, with examinations at the individual-level and school-level, warrant future study.

中文翻译：

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城市学区早期青少年酒精的多层次影响

目的：研究由教师、家长、学生和其他人形成的社交网络内部和之间的人际互动如何塑造学校的独特文化，进而对网络中的每个人产生决定性的影响。设计：横断面研究探讨与个人饮酒相关的因素是否也对学校文化产生影响。地点：美国中西部城市学区内的 12 所中学。参与者：七年级学生（N = 1,620）。措施：终生饮酒行为；母亲和父亲对孩子教育的参与；和同行偏差。结果：这项研究的结果表明，随着父母参与教育的增加，以及同伴越轨行为的减少，当总体而言，父母的参与增加，同伴越轨行为减少时，对孩子有直接的好处，对学校内的其他孩子也有保护作用。结论：通过个人层面和学校层面的考试，干预措施对提高家长参与和减少同伴偏差的效果值得进一步研究。