Human driven environmental changes increase the concentrations of polluting reactive compounds in the troposphere, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. These changes lead to biodiversity losses and alter plant physiology and plant-pollinator interactions, essential for pollination services, with potential consequences for agricultural production. Here we used 133 unique sampling events from NW Europe to investigate how air pollution (ozone and nitrogen oxides) and other sources of nitrogen is related to pollinator visitation rate and their contribution to agricultural production, also considering possible interactive effects with landscape quality and pesticide input. We showed that ozone modulates the effect of pesticide exposure and temperature on crop pollinators, increasing the probability of negative impacts on crop pollination. Indeed, when ozone levels are highest, the strength of the effect of pesticide on pollinators is more than double then when ozone levels are intermediate. This indicates that air pollution should be considered in management plans and policies aiming to safeguard biodiversity and promote more sustainable food production practices.

人类驱动的环境变化增加了对流层中污染活性化合物的浓度，例如臭氧和氮氧化物。这些变化导致生物多样性丧失并改变植物生理学和植物与授粉媒介的相互作用，这对授粉服务至关重要，并可能对农业生产产生影响。在这里，我们使用来自欧洲西北部的 133 个独特的采样事件来调查空气污染（臭氧和氮氧化物）和其他氮源如何与传粉媒介访问率及其对农业生产的贡献相关，同时考虑与景观质量和农药投入的可能交互影响. 我们发现臭氧会调节农药暴露和温度对作物传粉媒介的影响，从而增加对作物授粉产生负面影响的可能性。确实，当臭氧水平最高时，杀虫剂对传粉媒介的影响强度是臭氧水平中等时的两倍多。这表明在旨在保护生物多样性和促进更可持续的粮食生产实践的管理计划和政策中应考虑空气污染。