Abstract This paper addresses semantic/pragmatic variability of tag questions in German and makes three main contributions. First, we document the prevalence and variety of question tags in German across three different types of conversational corpora. Second, by annotating question tags according to their syntactic and semantic context, discourse function, and pragmatic effect, we demonstrate the existing overlap and differences between the individual tag variants. Finally, we distinguish several groups of question tags by identifying the factors that influence the speakers’ choices of tags in the conversational context, such as clause type, function, speaker/hearer knowledge, as well as conversation type and medium. These factors provide the limits of variability by constraining certain question tags in German against occurring in specific contexts or with individual functions.

中文翻译：

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基于语料库的德语标签问题意义变化分析 来自口语和书面会话语料库的证据

摘要 本文解决了德语标签问题的语义/语用可变性，并做出了三个主要贡献。首先，我们记录了三种不同类型的会话语料库中德语问题标签的普遍性和多样性。其次，通过根据句法和语义上下文、话语功能和语用效果对问题标签进行注释，我们展示了各个标签变体之间存在的重叠和差异。最后，我们通过识别影响说话者在会话上下文中选择标签的因素来区分几组问题标签，例如从句类型、功能、说话者/听众的知识以及会话类型和媒介。