Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as the next potential pandemic. Different microorganisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-typhoidal Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus Candida auris, have been identified by the WHO and CDC as urgent or serious AMR threats. Others, such as group A and B Streptococci, are classified as concerning threats. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been demonstrated to be an efficacious and cost-effective measure to combat infections against Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and, more recently, Salmonella typhi. Recent times have seen enormous progress in methodologies for the assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates, with developments in synthetic, chemoenzymatic, and glycoengineering methodologies. This review analyzes the advancement of glycoconjugate vaccines based on synthetic carbohydrates to improve existing vaccines and identify novel candidates to combat AMR. Through this literature survey we built an overview of structure–immunogenicity relationships from available data and identify gaps and areas for further research to better exploit the peculiar role of carbohydrates as vaccine targets and create the next generation of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines.

中文翻译：

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合成聚糖可改善现有的糖复合疫苗并对抗抗菌素耐药性


抗菌素耐药性（AMR）正在成为下一个潜在的流行病。世界卫生组织和疾病预防控制中心已鉴定出不同的微生物，包括鲍曼不动杆菌、艰难梭菌、大肠杆菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、淋病奈瑟菌、铜绿假单胞菌、非伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及真菌耳念珠菌紧急或严重的抗菌素耐药性威胁。其他链球菌，例如 A 组和 B 组链球菌，被归类为相关威胁。糖复合疫苗已被证明是对抗流感嗜血杆菌、脑膜炎奈瑟菌、肺炎链球菌以及最近的伤寒沙门氏菌感染的有效且具有成本效益的措施。近年来，随着合成、化学酶和糖工程方法的发展，复杂聚糖和糖复合物的组装方法取得了巨大进展。本综述分析了基于合成碳水化合物的复合糖疫苗的进展，以改进现有疫苗并确定对抗抗菌素耐药性的新候选疫苗。通过这项文献调查，我们从现有数据中概述了结构与免疫原性关系，并确定了进一步研究的差距和领域，以更好地利用碳水化合物作为疫苗靶点的特殊作用，并创造下一代基于碳水化合物的合成疫苗。