While the retraction of TRAP is found throughout the American West (Fridland et al. 2016), it is associated with California and supposed Californian values in both the popular media (Pratt and D’Onofrio 2017) and the ears of Californian listeners (Villarreal 2018). This study investigates the local construction of meaning for a supra-local sound change by examining perceptions of TRAP backing in Kansas, a locale that has undergone front lax vowel retraction (Kohn and Stithem 2015). Thirty-five college students heard matched-guise stimuli differing only by TRAP F2, guessed speakers’ regional origin, and rated speakers on 14 affective scales. Listeners associated TRAP backing with California (despite local participation in the sound shift) and general prestige. We suggest that that this association with general prestige may help to explain the presence of this vowel shift in Kansas despite considerable ideological differences with California. We argue that these results highlight the interaction between local construction of meaning and broader national discourses for a sound change: While stereotypical associations with a sound change can spread rapidly through means like popular media, stance and identity associations are constructed at the local level.

中文翻译：

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超本地变化的本地意义：对堪萨斯州 TRAP 支持的看法1

虽然在整个美国西部都发现了 TRAP 的撤回（Fridland et al. 2016），但它与加利福尼亚以及流行媒体（Pratt 和 D'Onofrio 2017）和加利福尼亚听众的耳朵（Villarreal 2018）中假定的加利福尼亚价值观有关）。本研究通过检查堪萨斯州对 TRAP 支持的感知来调查超本地声音变化的本地意义构建，该地区经历了前松元音缩回（Kohn 和 Stithem 2015）。35 名大学生听到了仅通过 TRAP F2 不同的匹配伪装刺激，猜测说话者的地区来源，并在 14 个情感量表上对说话者进行评分。听众将 TRAP 的支持与加利福尼亚相关联（尽管当地参与了声音转变）和普遍的声望。我们认为这种与一般声望的关联可能有助于解释堪萨斯州存在这种元音转变，尽管与加利福尼亚州存在相当大的意识形态差异。我们认为，这些结果突出了地方意义建构与更广泛的国家话语之间的相互作用，以实现健全的变革：虽然与健全变革相关的刻板印象可以通过大众媒体等手段迅速传播，但立场和身份联想是在地方层面构建的。